diff --git a/include/linux/bpf.h b/include/linux/bpf.h
index eb84caf133df9..4001d11be1516 100644
--- a/include/linux/bpf.h
+++ b/include/linux/bpf.h
@@ -186,8 +186,8 @@ enum btf_field_type {
 	BPF_LIST_NODE  = (1 << 6),
 	BPF_RB_ROOT    = (1 << 7),
 	BPF_RB_NODE    = (1 << 8),
-	BPF_GRAPH_NODE_OR_ROOT = BPF_LIST_NODE | BPF_LIST_HEAD |
-				 BPF_RB_NODE | BPF_RB_ROOT,
+	BPF_GRAPH_NODE = BPF_RB_NODE | BPF_LIST_NODE,
+	BPF_GRAPH_ROOT = BPF_RB_ROOT | BPF_LIST_HEAD,
 	BPF_REFCOUNT   = (1 << 9),
 };
 
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/btf.c b/kernel/bpf/btf.c
index 15d71d2986d3a..63cf4128fc059 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/btf.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/btf.c
@@ -3840,9 +3840,6 @@ struct btf_record *btf_parse_fields(const struct btf *btf, const struct btf_type
 	return ERR_PTR(ret);
 }
 
-#define GRAPH_ROOT_MASK (BPF_LIST_HEAD | BPF_RB_ROOT)
-#define GRAPH_NODE_MASK (BPF_LIST_NODE | BPF_RB_NODE)
-
 int btf_check_and_fixup_fields(const struct btf *btf, struct btf_record *rec)
 {
 	int i;
@@ -3855,13 +3852,13 @@ int btf_check_and_fixup_fields(const struct btf *btf, struct btf_record *rec)
 	 * Hence we only need to ensure that bpf_{list_head,rb_root} ownership
 	 * does not form cycles.
 	 */
-	if (IS_ERR_OR_NULL(rec) || !(rec->field_mask & GRAPH_ROOT_MASK))
+	if (IS_ERR_OR_NULL(rec) || !(rec->field_mask & BPF_GRAPH_ROOT))
 		return 0;
 	for (i = 0; i < rec->cnt; i++) {
 		struct btf_struct_meta *meta;
 		u32 btf_id;
 
-		if (!(rec->fields[i].type & GRAPH_ROOT_MASK))
+		if (!(rec->fields[i].type & BPF_GRAPH_ROOT))
 			continue;
 		btf_id = rec->fields[i].graph_root.value_btf_id;
 		meta = btf_find_struct_meta(btf, btf_id);
@@ -3873,7 +3870,7 @@ int btf_check_and_fixup_fields(const struct btf *btf, struct btf_record *rec)
 		 * to check ownership cycle for a type unless it's also a
 		 * node type.
 		 */
-		if (!(rec->field_mask & GRAPH_NODE_MASK))
+		if (!(rec->field_mask & BPF_GRAPH_NODE))
 			continue;
 
 		/* We need to ensure ownership acyclicity among all types. The
@@ -3909,7 +3906,7 @@ int btf_check_and_fixup_fields(const struct btf *btf, struct btf_record *rec)
 		 * - A is both an root and node.
 		 * - B is only an node.
 		 */
-		if (meta->record->field_mask & GRAPH_ROOT_MASK)
+		if (meta->record->field_mask & BPF_GRAPH_ROOT)
 			return -ELOOP;
 	}
 	return 0;
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/helpers.c b/kernel/bpf/helpers.c
index 174f02a9e7034..03517db5cfb36 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/helpers.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/helpers.c
@@ -1937,10 +1937,7 @@ void __bpf_obj_drop_impl(void *p, const struct btf_record *rec, bool percpu)
 		ma = &bpf_global_percpu_ma;
 	else
 		ma = &bpf_global_ma;
-	if (rec && rec->refcount_off >= 0)
-		bpf_mem_free_rcu(ma, p);
-	else
-		bpf_mem_free(ma, p);
+	bpf_mem_free_rcu(ma, p);
 }
 
 __bpf_kfunc void bpf_obj_drop_impl(void *p__alloc, void *meta__ign)
@@ -2520,7 +2517,7 @@ BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_obj_new_impl, KF_ACQUIRE | KF_RET_NULL)
 BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_percpu_obj_new_impl, KF_ACQUIRE | KF_RET_NULL)
 BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_obj_drop_impl, KF_RELEASE)
 BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_percpu_obj_drop_impl, KF_RELEASE)
-BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_refcount_acquire_impl, KF_ACQUIRE | KF_RET_NULL)
+BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_refcount_acquire_impl, KF_ACQUIRE | KF_RET_NULL | KF_RCU)
 BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_list_push_front_impl)
 BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_list_push_back_impl)
 BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_list_pop_front, KF_ACQUIRE | KF_RET_NULL)
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
index 993e4677bbe99..9ae6eae134716 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
@@ -5557,10 +5557,23 @@ BTF_SET_END(rcu_protected_types)
 static bool rcu_protected_object(const struct btf *btf, u32 btf_id)
 {
 	if (!btf_is_kernel(btf))
-		return false;
+		return true;
 	return btf_id_set_contains(&rcu_protected_types, btf_id);
 }
 
+static struct btf_record *kptr_pointee_btf_record(struct btf_field *kptr_field)
+{
+	struct btf_struct_meta *meta;
+
+	if (btf_is_kernel(kptr_field->kptr.btf))
+		return NULL;
+
+	meta = btf_find_struct_meta(kptr_field->kptr.btf,
+				    kptr_field->kptr.btf_id);
+
+	return meta ? meta->record : NULL;
+}
+
 static bool rcu_safe_kptr(const struct btf_field *field)
 {
 	const struct btf_field_kptr *kptr = &field->kptr;
@@ -5571,12 +5584,25 @@ static bool rcu_safe_kptr(const struct btf_field *field)
 
 static u32 btf_ld_kptr_type(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct btf_field *kptr_field)
 {
+	struct btf_record *rec;
+	u32 ret;
+
+	ret = PTR_MAYBE_NULL;
 	if (rcu_safe_kptr(kptr_field) && in_rcu_cs(env)) {
-		if (kptr_field->type != BPF_KPTR_PERCPU)
-			return PTR_MAYBE_NULL | MEM_RCU;
-		return PTR_MAYBE_NULL | MEM_RCU | MEM_PERCPU;
+		ret |= MEM_RCU;
+		if (kptr_field->type == BPF_KPTR_PERCPU)
+			ret |= MEM_PERCPU;
+		else if (!btf_is_kernel(kptr_field->kptr.btf))
+			ret |= MEM_ALLOC;
+
+		rec = kptr_pointee_btf_record(kptr_field);
+		if (rec && btf_record_has_field(rec, BPF_GRAPH_NODE))
+			ret |= NON_OWN_REF;
+	} else {
+		ret |= PTR_UNTRUSTED;
 	}
-	return PTR_MAYBE_NULL | PTR_UNTRUSTED;
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static int check_map_kptr_access(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 regno,
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/local_kptr_stash.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/local_kptr_stash.c
index b25b870f87ba9..e6e50a394472c 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/local_kptr_stash.c
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/local_kptr_stash.c
@@ -73,6 +73,37 @@ static void test_local_kptr_stash_unstash(void)
 	local_kptr_stash__destroy(skel);
 }
 
+static void test_refcount_acquire_without_unstash(void)
+{
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_test_run_opts, opts,
+		    .data_in = &pkt_v4,
+		    .data_size_in = sizeof(pkt_v4),
+		    .repeat = 1,
+	);
+	struct local_kptr_stash *skel;
+	int ret;
+
+	skel = local_kptr_stash__open_and_load();
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "local_kptr_stash__open_and_load"))
+		return;
+
+	ret = bpf_prog_test_run_opts(bpf_program__fd(skel->progs.refcount_acquire_without_unstash),
+				     &opts);
+	ASSERT_OK(ret, "refcount_acquire_without_unstash run");
+	ASSERT_EQ(opts.retval, 2, "refcount_acquire_without_unstash retval");
+
+	ret = bpf_prog_test_run_opts(bpf_program__fd(skel->progs.stash_refcounted_node), &opts);
+	ASSERT_OK(ret, "stash_refcounted_node run");
+	ASSERT_OK(opts.retval, "stash_refcounted_node retval");
+
+	ret = bpf_prog_test_run_opts(bpf_program__fd(skel->progs.refcount_acquire_without_unstash),
+				     &opts);
+	ASSERT_OK(ret, "refcount_acquire_without_unstash (2) run");
+	ASSERT_EQ(opts.retval, 42, "refcount_acquire_without_unstash (2) retval");
+
+	local_kptr_stash__destroy(skel);
+}
+
 static void test_local_kptr_stash_fail(void)
 {
 	RUN_TESTS(local_kptr_stash_fail);
@@ -86,6 +117,8 @@ void test_local_kptr_stash(void)
 		test_local_kptr_stash_plain();
 	if (test__start_subtest("local_kptr_stash_unstash"))
 		test_local_kptr_stash_unstash();
+	if (test__start_subtest("refcount_acquire_without_unstash"))
+		test_refcount_acquire_without_unstash();
 	if (test__start_subtest("local_kptr_stash_fail"))
 		test_local_kptr_stash_fail();
 }
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/local_kptr_stash.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/local_kptr_stash.c
index b567a666d2b87..1769fdff6aeae 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/local_kptr_stash.c
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/local_kptr_stash.c
@@ -14,6 +14,24 @@ struct node_data {
 	struct bpf_rb_node node;
 };
 
+struct refcounted_node {
+	long data;
+	struct bpf_rb_node rb_node;
+	struct bpf_refcount refcount;
+};
+
+struct stash {
+	struct bpf_spin_lock l;
+	struct refcounted_node __kptr *stashed;
+};
+
+struct {
+	__uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY);
+	__type(key, int);
+	__type(value, struct stash);
+	__uint(max_entries, 10);
+} refcounted_node_stash SEC(".maps");
+
 struct plain_local {
 	long key;
 	long data;
@@ -38,6 +56,7 @@ struct map_value {
  * Had to do the same w/ bpf_kfunc_call_test_release below
  */
 struct node_data *just_here_because_btf_bug;
+struct refcounted_node *just_here_because_btf_bug2;
 
 struct {
 	__uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY);
@@ -132,4 +151,56 @@ long stash_test_ref_kfunc(void *ctx)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+SEC("tc")
+long refcount_acquire_without_unstash(void *ctx)
+{
+	struct refcounted_node *p;
+	struct stash *s;
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	s = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&refcounted_node_stash, &ret);
+	if (!s)
+		return 1;
+
+	if (!s->stashed)
+		/* refcount_acquire failure is expected when no refcounted_node
+		 * has been stashed before this program executes
+		 */
+		return 2;
+
+	p = bpf_refcount_acquire(s->stashed);
+	if (!p)
+		return 3;
+
+	ret = s->stashed ? s->stashed->data : -1;
+	bpf_obj_drop(p);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/* Helper for refcount_acquire_without_unstash test */
+SEC("tc")
+long stash_refcounted_node(void *ctx)
+{
+	struct refcounted_node *p;
+	struct stash *s;
+	int key = 0;
+
+	s = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&refcounted_node_stash, &key);
+	if (!s)
+		return 1;
+
+	p = bpf_obj_new(typeof(*p));
+	if (!p)
+		return 2;
+	p->data = 42;
+
+	p = bpf_kptr_xchg(&s->stashed, p);
+	if (p) {
+		bpf_obj_drop(p);
+		return 3;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/refcounted_kptr_fail.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/refcounted_kptr_fail.c
index 1ef07f6ee580d..1553b9c16aa7f 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/refcounted_kptr_fail.c
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/refcounted_kptr_fail.c
@@ -53,6 +53,25 @@ long rbtree_refcounted_node_ref_escapes(void *ctx)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+SEC("?tc")
+__failure __msg("Possibly NULL pointer passed to trusted arg0")
+long refcount_acquire_maybe_null(void *ctx)
+{
+	struct node_acquire *n, *m;
+
+	n = bpf_obj_new(typeof(*n));
+	/* Intentionally not testing !n
+	 * it's MAYBE_NULL for refcount_acquire
+	 */
+	m = bpf_refcount_acquire(n);
+	if (m)
+		bpf_obj_drop(m);
+	if (n)
+		bpf_obj_drop(n);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 SEC("?tc")
 __failure __msg("Unreleased reference id=3 alloc_insn=9")
 long rbtree_refcounted_node_ref_escapes_owning_input(void *ctx)