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<title>mod_rewrite - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</title> | |
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<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p> | |
<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</p> | |
<img alt="" src="../images/feather.png" /></div> | |
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<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.4</a> > <a href="./">Modules</a></div> | |
<div id="page-content"> | |
<div id="preamble"><h1>Apache Module mod_rewrite</h1> | |
<div class="toplang"> | |
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/mod/mod_rewrite.html" title="English"> en </a> | | |
<a href="../fr/mod/mod_rewrite.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a></p> | |
</div> | |
<table class="module"><tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Provides a rule-based rewriting engine to rewrite requested | |
URLs on the fly</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#ModuleIdentifier">Module Identifier:</a></th><td>rewrite_module</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#SourceFile">Source File:</a></th><td>mod_rewrite.c</td></tr></table> | |
<h3>Summary</h3> | |
<p>The <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> module uses a rule-based rewriting | |
engine, based on a PCRE regular-expression parser, to rewrite requested URLs on | |
the fly. By default, <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> maps a URL to a filesystem | |
path. However, it can also be used to redirect one URL to another URL, or | |
to invoke an internal proxy fetch.</p> | |
<p><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> provides a flexible and powerful way to | |
manipulate URLs using an unlimited number of rules. Each rule can have an | |
unlimited number of attached rule conditions, to allow you to rewrite URL | |
based on server variables, environment variables, HTTP headers, or time | |
stamps.</p> | |
<p><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> operates on the full URL path, including the | |
path-info section. A rewrite rule can be invoked in | |
<code>httpd.conf</code> or in <code>.htaccess</code>. The path generated | |
by a rewrite rule can include a query string, or can lead to internal | |
sub-processing, external request redirection, or internal proxy | |
throughput.</p> | |
<p>Further details, discussion, and examples, are provided in the | |
<a href="../rewrite/">detailed mod_rewrite documentation</a>.</p> | |
</div> | |
<div id="quickview"><h3>Topics</h3> | |
<ul id="topics"> | |
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#logging">Logging</a></li> | |
</ul><h3 class="directives">Directives</h3> | |
<ul id="toc"> | |
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rewritebase">RewriteBase</a></li> | |
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></li> | |
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rewriteengine">RewriteEngine</a></li> | |
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></li> | |
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rewriteoptions">RewriteOptions</a></li> | |
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></li> | |
</ul> | |
<ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div> | |
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> | |
<div class="section"> | |
<h2><a name="logging" id="logging">Logging</a></h2> | |
<p><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> offers detailed logging of its actions | |
at the <code>trace1</code> to <code>trace8</code> log levels. The | |
log level can be set specifically for <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> | |
using the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#loglevel">LogLevel</a></code> directive: Up to | |
level <code>debug</code>, no actions are logged, while <code>trace8</code> | |
means that practically all actions are logged.</p> | |
<div class="note"> | |
Using a high trace log level for <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> | |
will slow down your Apache HTTP Server dramatically! Use a log | |
level higher than <code>trace2</code> only for debugging! | |
</div> | |
<div class="example"><h3>Example</h3><pre class="prettyprint lang-config">LogLevel alert rewrite:trace3</pre> | |
</div> | |
<div class="note"><h3>RewriteLog</h3> | |
<p>Those familiar with earlier versions of | |
<code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> will no doubt be looking for the | |
<code>RewriteLog</code> and <code>RewriteLogLevel</code> | |
directives. This functionality has been completely replaced by the | |
new per-module logging configuration mentioned above. | |
</p> | |
<p>To get just the <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>-specific log | |
messages, pipe the log file through grep:</p> | |
<div class="example"><p><code> | |
tail -f error_log|fgrep '[rewrite:' | |
</code></p></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> | |
<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="RewriteBase" id="RewriteBase">RewriteBase</a> <a name="rewritebase" id="rewritebase">Directive</a></h2> | |
<table class="directive"> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Sets the base URL for per-directory rewrites</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>RewriteBase <em>URL-path</em></code></td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>None</code></td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>directory, .htaccess</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Override">Override:</a></th><td>FileInfo</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_rewrite</td></tr> | |
</table> | |
<p>The <code class="directive">RewriteBase</code> directive specifies the | |
URL prefix to be used for per-directory (htaccess) | |
<code class="directive"><a href="#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> directives that | |
substitute a relative path.</p> | |
<p> This directive is <em>required</em> when you use a relative path | |
in a substitution in per-directory (htaccess) context unless either | |
of the following conditions are true:</p> | |
<ul> | |
<li> The original request, and the substitution, are underneath the | |
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> | |
(as opposed to reachable by other means, such as | |
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_alias.html#alias">Alias</a></code>).</li> | |
<li> The <em>filesystem</em> path to the directory containing the | |
<code class="directive"><a href="#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code>, | |
suffixed by the relative | |
substitution is also valid as a URL path on the server | |
(this is rare).</li> | |
<li> In Apache HTTP Server 2.4.11 and later, this directive may be | |
omitted when the request is mapped via | |
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_alias.html#alias">Alias</a></code> | |
or <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_userdir.html">mod_userdir</a></code>.</li> | |
</ul> | |
<p> In the example below, <code class="directive">RewriteBase</code> is necessary | |
to avoid rewriting to http://example.com/opt/myapp-1.2.3/welcome.html | |
since the resource was not relative to the document root. This | |
misconfiguration would normally cause the server to look for an "opt" | |
directory under the document root.</p> | |
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">DocumentRoot "/var/www/example.com" | |
AliasMatch "^/myapp" "/opt/myapp-1.2.3" | |
<Directory "/opt/myapp-1.2.3"> | |
RewriteEngine On | |
RewriteBase "/myapp/" | |
RewriteRule "^index\.html$" "welcome.html" | |
</Directory></pre> | |
</div> | |
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> | |
<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="RewriteCond" id="RewriteCond">RewriteCond</a> <a name="rewritecond" id="rewritecond">Directive</a></h2> | |
<table class="directive"> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Defines a condition under which rewriting will take place | |
</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code> RewriteCond | |
<em>TestString</em> <em>CondPattern</em></code></td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Override">Override:</a></th><td>FileInfo</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_rewrite</td></tr> | |
</table> | |
<p>The <code class="directive">RewriteCond</code> directive defines a | |
rule condition. One or more <code class="directive">RewriteCond</code> | |
can precede a <code class="directive"><a href="#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> | |
directive. The following rule is then only used if both | |
the current state of the URI matches its pattern, <strong>and</strong> if these conditions are met.</p> | |
<p><em>TestString</em> is a string which can contain the | |
following expanded constructs in addition to plain text:</p> | |
<ul> | |
<li> | |
<strong>RewriteRule backreferences</strong>: These are | |
backreferences of the form <strong><code>$N</code></strong> | |
(0 <= N <= 9). $1 to $9 provide access to the grouped | |
parts (in parentheses) of the pattern, from the | |
<code>RewriteRule</code> which is subject to the current | |
set of <code>RewriteCond</code> conditions. $0 provides | |
access to the whole string matched by that pattern. | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<strong>RewriteCond backreferences</strong>: These are | |
backreferences of the form <strong><code>%N</code></strong> | |
(0 <= N <= 9). %1 to %9 provide access to the grouped | |
parts (again, in parentheses) of the pattern, from the last matched | |
<code>RewriteCond</code> in the current set | |
of conditions. %0 provides access to the whole string matched by | |
that pattern. | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<strong>RewriteMap expansions</strong>: These are | |
expansions of the form <strong><code>${mapname:key|default}</code></strong>. | |
See <a href="#mapfunc">the documentation for | |
RewriteMap</a> for more details. | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<strong>Server-Variables</strong>: These are variables of | |
the form | |
<strong><code>%{</code> <em>NAME_OF_VARIABLE</em> | |
<code>}</code></strong> | |
where <em>NAME_OF_VARIABLE</em> can be a string taken | |
from the following list: | |
<table> | |
<tr> | |
<th>HTTP headers:</th> <th>connection & request:</th> <th /> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td> | |
HTTP_ACCEPT<br /> | |
HTTP_COOKIE<br /> | |
HTTP_FORWARDED<br /> | |
HTTP_HOST<br /> | |
HTTP_PROXY_CONNECTION<br /> | |
HTTP_REFERER<br /> | |
HTTP_USER_AGENT<br /> | |
</td> | |
<td> | |
AUTH_TYPE<br /> | |
CONN_REMOTE_ADDR<br /> | |
CONTEXT_PREFIX<br /> | |
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT<br /> | |
IPV6<br /> | |
PATH_INFO<br /> | |
QUERY_STRING<br /> | |
REMOTE_ADDR<br /> | |
REMOTE_HOST<br /> | |
REMOTE_IDENT<br /> | |
REMOTE_PORT<br /> | |
REMOTE_USER<br /> | |
REQUEST_METHOD<br /> | |
SCRIPT_FILENAME<br /> | |
</td> | |
<td /> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<th>server internals:</th> <th>date and time:</th> <th>specials:</th> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td> | |
DOCUMENT_ROOT<br /> | |
SCRIPT_GROUP<br /> | |
SCRIPT_USER<br /> | |
SERVER_ADDR<br /> | |
SERVER_ADMIN<br /> | |
SERVER_NAME<br /> | |
SERVER_PORT<br /> | |
SERVER_PROTOCOL<br /> | |
SERVER_SOFTWARE<br /> | |
</td> | |
<td> | |
TIME_YEAR<br /> | |
TIME_MON<br /> | |
TIME_DAY<br /> | |
TIME_HOUR<br /> | |
TIME_MIN<br /> | |
TIME_SEC<br /> | |
TIME_WDAY<br /> | |
TIME<br /> | |
</td> | |
<td> | |
API_VERSION<br /> | |
CONN_REMOTE_ADDR<br /> | |
HTTPS<br /> | |
IS_SUBREQ<br /> | |
REMOTE_ADDR<br /> | |
REQUEST_FILENAME<br /> | |
REQUEST_SCHEME<br /> | |
REQUEST_URI<br /> | |
THE_REQUEST<br /> | |
</td> | |
</tr> | |
</table> | |
<p>These variables all | |
correspond to the similarly named HTTP | |
MIME-headers, C variables of the Apache HTTP Server or | |
<code>struct tm</code> fields of the Unix system. | |
Most are documented <a href="../expr.html#vars">here</a> | |
or elsewhere in the Manual or in the CGI specification.</p> | |
<p>SERVER_NAME and SERVER_PORT depend on the values of | |
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#usecanonicalname">UseCanonicalName</a></code> and | |
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#usecanonicalphysicalport">UseCanonicalPhysicalPort</a></code> | |
respectively.</p> | |
<p>Those that are special to mod_rewrite include those below.</p> | |
<dl> | |
<dt><code>API_VERSION</code></dt> | |
<dd>This is the version of the Apache httpd module API | |
(the internal interface between server and | |
module) in the current httpd build, as defined in | |
include/ap_mmn.h. The module API version | |
corresponds to the version of Apache httpd in use (in | |
the release version of Apache httpd 1.3.14, for | |
instance, it is 19990320:10), but is mainly of | |
interest to module authors.</dd> | |
<dt><code>CONN_REMOTE_ADDR</code></dt> | |
<dd>Since 2.4.8: The peer IP address of the connection (see the | |
<code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_remoteip.html">mod_remoteip</a></code> module).</dd> | |
<dt><code>HTTPS</code></dt> | |
<dd>Will contain the text "on" if the connection is | |
using SSL/TLS, or "off" otherwise. (This variable | |
can be safely used regardless of whether or not | |
<code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html">mod_ssl</a></code> is loaded).</dd> | |
<dt><code>IS_SUBREQ</code></dt> | |
<dd>Will contain the text "true" if the request | |
currently being processed is a sub-request, | |
"false" otherwise. Sub-requests may be generated | |
by modules that need to resolve additional files | |
or URIs in order to complete their tasks.</dd> | |
<dt><code>REMOTE_ADDR</code></dt> | |
<dd>The IP address of the remote host (see the | |
<code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_remoteip.html">mod_remoteip</a></code> module).</dd> | |
<dt><code>REQUEST_FILENAME</code></dt> | |
<dd>The full local filesystem path to the file or | |
script matching the request, if this has already | |
been determined by the server at the time | |
<code>REQUEST_FILENAME</code> is referenced. Otherwise, | |
such as when used in virtual host context, the same | |
value as <code>REQUEST_URI</code>. Depending on the value of | |
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#acceptpathinfo">AcceptPathInfo</a></code>, the | |
server may have only used some leading components of the | |
<code>REQUEST_URI</code> to map the request to a file. | |
</dd> | |
<dt><code>REQUEST_SCHEME</code></dt> | |
<dd>Will contain the scheme of the request (usually | |
"http" or "https"). This value can be influenced with | |
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#servername">ServerName</a></code>.</dd> | |
<dt><code>REQUEST_URI</code></dt> | |
<dd>The path component of the requested URI, | |
such as "/index.html". This notably excludes the | |
query string which is available as its own variable | |
named <code>QUERY_STRING</code>.</dd> | |
<dt><code>THE_REQUEST</code></dt> | |
<dd>The full HTTP request line sent by the | |
browser to the server (e.g., "<code>GET | |
/index.html HTTP/1.1</code>"). This does not | |
include any additional headers sent by the | |
browser. This value has not been unescaped | |
(decoded), unlike most other variables below.</dd> | |
</dl> | |
</li> | |
</ul> | |
<p>If the <em>TestString</em> has the special value <code>expr</code>, | |
the <em>CondPattern</em> will be treated as an | |
<a href="../expr.html">ap_expr</a>. HTTP headers referenced in the | |
expression will be added to the Vary header if the <code>novary</code> | |
flag is not given.</p> | |
<p>Other things you should be aware of:</p> | |
<ol> | |
<li> | |
<p>The variables SCRIPT_FILENAME and REQUEST_FILENAME | |
contain the same value - the value of the | |
<code>filename</code> field of the internal | |
<code>request_rec</code> structure of the Apache HTTP Server. | |
The first name is the commonly known CGI variable name | |
while the second is the appropriate counterpart of | |
REQUEST_URI (which contains the value of the | |
<code>uri</code> field of <code>request_rec</code>).</p> | |
<p>If a substitution occurred and the rewriting continues, | |
the value of both variables will be updated accordingly.</p> | |
<p>If used in per-server context (<em>i.e.</em>, before the | |
request is mapped to the filesystem) SCRIPT_FILENAME and | |
REQUEST_FILENAME cannot contain the full local filesystem | |
path since the path is unknown at this stage of processing. | |
Both variables will initially contain the value of REQUEST_URI | |
in that case. In order to obtain the full local filesystem | |
path of the request in per-server context, use an URL-based | |
look-ahead <code>%{LA-U:REQUEST_FILENAME}</code> to determine | |
the final value of REQUEST_FILENAME.</p></li> | |
<li> | |
<code>%{ENV:variable}</code>, where <em>variable</em> can be | |
any environment variable, is also available. | |
This is looked-up via internal | |
Apache httpd structures and (if not found there) via | |
<code>getenv()</code> from the Apache httpd server process.</li> | |
<li> | |
<code>%{SSL:variable}</code>, where <em>variable</em> is the | |
name of an <a href="mod_ssl.html#envvars">SSL environment | |
variable</a>, can be used whether or not | |
<code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html">mod_ssl</a></code> is loaded, but will always expand to | |
the empty string if it is not. Example: | |
<code>%{SSL:SSL_CIPHER_USEKEYSIZE}</code> may expand to | |
<code>128</code>. These variables are available even without | |
setting the <code>StdEnvVars</code> option of the | |
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#ssloptions">SSLOptions</a></code> directive.</li> | |
<li> | |
<code>%{HTTP:header}</code>, where <em>header</em> can be | |
any HTTP MIME-header name, can always be used to obtain the | |
value of a header sent in the HTTP request. | |
Example: <code>%{HTTP:Proxy-Connection}</code> is | |
the value of the HTTP header | |
``<code>Proxy-Connection:</code>''. | |
<p>If a HTTP header is used in a condition this header is added to | |
the Vary header of the response in case the condition evaluates | |
to true for the request. It is <strong>not</strong> added if the | |
condition evaluates to false for the request. Adding the HTTP header | |
to the Vary header of the response is needed for proper caching.</p> | |
<p>It has to be kept in mind that conditions follow a short circuit | |
logic in the case of the '<strong><code>ornext|OR</code></strong>' flag | |
so that certain conditions might not be evaluated at all.</p></li> | |
<li> | |
<a id="LA-U" name="LA-U"><code>%{LA-U:variable}</code></a> | |
can be used for look-aheads which perform | |
an internal (URL-based) sub-request to determine the final | |
value of <em>variable</em>. This can be used to access | |
variable for rewriting which is not available at the current | |
stage, but will be set in a later phase. | |
<p>For instance, to rewrite according to the | |
<code>REMOTE_USER</code> variable from within the | |
per-server context (<code>httpd.conf</code> file) you must | |
use <code>%{LA-U:REMOTE_USER}</code> - this | |
variable is set by the authorization phases, which come | |
<em>after</em> the URL translation phase (during which mod_rewrite | |
operates).</p> | |
<p>On the other hand, because mod_rewrite implements | |
its per-directory context (<code>.htaccess</code> file) via | |
the Fixup phase of the API and because the authorization | |
phases come <em>before</em> this phase, you just can use | |
<code>%{REMOTE_USER}</code> in that context.</p></li> | |
<li> | |
<code>%{LA-F:variable}</code> can be used to perform an internal | |
(filename-based) sub-request, to determine the final value | |
of <em>variable</em>. Most of the time, this is the same as | |
LA-U above.</li> | |
</ol> | |
<p><em>CondPattern</em> is the condition pattern, | |
a regular expression which is applied to the | |
current instance of the <em>TestString</em>. | |
<em>TestString</em> is first evaluated, before being matched against | |
<em>CondPattern</em>.</p> | |
<p><em>CondPattern</em> is usually a | |
<em>perl compatible regular expression</em>, but there is | |
additional syntax available to perform other useful tests against | |
the <em>Teststring</em>:</p> | |
<ol> | |
<li>You can prefix the pattern string with a | |
'<code>!</code>' character (exclamation mark) to negate the result | |
of the condition, no matter what kind of <em>CondPattern</em> is used. | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
You can perform lexicographical string comparisons: | |
<dl> | |
<dt><strong><CondPattern</strong></dt> | |
<dd>Lexicographically precedes<br /> | |
Treats the <em>CondPattern</em> as a plain string and | |
compares it lexicographically to <em>TestString</em>. True if | |
<em>TestString</em> lexicographically precedes | |
<em>CondPattern</em>.</dd> | |
<dt><strong>>CondPattern</strong></dt> | |
<dd>Lexicographically follows<br /> | |
Treats the <em>CondPattern</em> as a plain string and | |
compares it lexicographically to <em>TestString</em>. True if | |
<em>TestString</em> lexicographically follows | |
<em>CondPattern</em>.</dd> | |
<dt><strong>=CondPattern</strong></dt> | |
<dd>Lexicographically equal<br /> | |
Treats the <em>CondPattern</em> as a plain string and | |
compares it lexicographically to <em>TestString</em>. True if | |
<em>TestString</em> is lexicographically equal to | |
<em>CondPattern</em> (the two strings are exactly | |
equal, character for character). If <em>CondPattern</em> | |
is <code>""</code> (two quotation marks) this | |
compares <em>TestString</em> to the empty string.</dd> | |
<dt><strong><=CondPattern</strong></dt> | |
<dd>Lexicographically less than or equal to<br /> | |
Treats the <em>CondPattern</em> as a plain string and | |
compares it lexicographically to <em>TestString</em>. True | |
if <em>TestString</em> lexicographically precedes | |
<em>CondPattern</em>, or is equal to <em>CondPattern</em> | |
(the two strings are equal, character for character).</dd> | |
<dt><strong>>=CondPattern</strong></dt> | |
<dd>Lexicographically greater than or equal to<br /> | |
Treats the <em>CondPattern</em> as a plain string and | |
compares it lexicographically to <em>TestString</em>. True | |
if <em>TestString</em> lexicographically follows | |
<em>CondPattern</em>, or is equal to <em>CondPattern</em> | |
(the two strings are equal, character for character).</dd> | |
</dl> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
You can perform integer comparisons: | |
<dl> | |
<dt><strong>-eq</strong></dt> | |
<dd>Is numerically <strong>eq</strong>ual to<br /> | |
The <em>TestString</em> is treated as an integer, and is | |
numerically compared to the <em>CondPattern</em>. True if | |
the two are numerically equal.</dd> | |
<dt><strong>-ge</strong></dt> | |
<dd>Is numerically <strong>g</strong>reater than or <strong>e</strong>qual to<br /> | |
The <em>TestString</em> is treated as an integer, and is | |
numerically compared to the <em>CondPattern</em>. True if | |
the <em>TestString</em> is numerically greater than or equal | |
to the <em>CondPattern</em>.</dd> | |
<dt><strong>-gt</strong></dt> | |
<dd>Is numerically <strong>g</strong>reater <strong>t</strong>han<br /> | |
The <em>TestString</em> is treated as an integer, and is | |
numerically compared to the <em>CondPattern</em>. True if | |
the <em>TestString</em> is numerically greater than | |
the <em>CondPattern</em>.</dd> | |
<dt><strong>-le</strong></dt> | |
<dd>Is numerically <strong>l</strong>ess than or <strong>e</strong>qual to<br /> | |
The <em>TestString</em> is treated as an integer, and is | |
numerically compared to the <em>CondPattern</em>. True if | |
the <em>TestString</em> is numerically less than or equal | |
to the <em>CondPattern</em>. Avoid confusion with the | |
<strong>-l</strong> by using the <strong>-L</strong> or | |
<strong>-h</strong> variant.</dd> | |
<dt><strong>-lt</strong></dt> | |
<dd>Is numerically <strong>l</strong>ess <strong>t</strong>han<br /> | |
The <em>TestString</em> is treated as an integer, and is | |
numerically compared to the <em>CondPattern</em>. True if | |
the <em>TestString</em> is numerically less than | |
the <em>CondPattern</em>. Avoid confusion with the | |
<strong>-l</strong> by using the <strong>-L</strong> or | |
<strong>-h</strong> variant.</dd> | |
<dt><strong>-ne</strong></dt> | |
<dd>Is numerically <strong>n</strong>ot <strong>e</strong>qual to<br /> | |
The <em>TestString</em> is treated as an integer, and is | |
numerically compared to the <em>CondPattern</em>. True if | |
the two are numerically different. This is equivalent to | |
<code>!-eq</code>.</dd> | |
</dl> | |
</li> | |
<li>You can perform various file attribute tests: | |
<dl> | |
<dt><strong>-d</strong></dt> | |
<dd>Is <strong>d</strong>irectory.<br /> | |
Treats the <em>TestString</em> as a pathname and tests | |
whether or not it exists, and is a directory. | |
</dd> | |
<dt><strong>-f</strong></dt> | |
<dd>Is regular <strong>f</strong>ile.<br /> | |
Treats the <em>TestString</em> as a pathname and tests | |
whether or not it exists, and is a regular file. | |
</dd> | |
<dt><strong>-F</strong></dt> | |
<dd>Is existing file, via subrequest.<br /> | |
Checks whether or not <em>TestString</em> is a valid file, | |
accessible via all the server's currently-configured | |
access controls for that path. This uses an internal | |
subrequest to do the check, so use it with care - | |
it can impact your server's performance! | |
</dd> | |
<dt><strong>-h</strong></dt> | |
<dd>Is symbolic link, bash convention.<br /> | |
See <strong>-l</strong>. | |
</dd> | |
<dt><strong>-l</strong></dt> | |
<dd>Is symbolic <strong>l</strong>ink.<br /> | |
Treats the <em>TestString</em> as a pathname and tests | |
whether or not it exists, and is a symbolic link. May also | |
use the bash convention of <strong>-L</strong> or | |
<strong>-h</strong> if there's a possibility of confusion | |
such as when using the <strong>-lt</strong> or | |
<strong>-le</strong> tests. | |
</dd> | |
<dt><strong>-L</strong></dt> | |
<dd>Is symbolic link, bash convention.<br /> | |
See <strong>-l</strong>.</dd> | |
<dt><strong>-s</strong></dt> | |
<dd>Is regular file, with <strong>s</strong>ize.<br /> | |
Treats the <em>TestString</em> as a pathname and tests | |
whether or not it exists, and is a regular file with size greater | |
than zero.</dd> | |
<dt><strong>-U</strong></dt> | |
<dd><p>Is existing URL, via subrequest.<br /> | |
Checks whether or not <em>TestString</em> is a valid URL, | |
accessible via all the server's currently-configured | |
access controls for that path. This uses an internal | |
subrequest to do the check, so use it with care - | |
it can impact your server's performance!</p> | |
<p> This flag <em>only</em> returns information about things | |
like access control, authentication, and authorization. This flag | |
<em>does not</em> return information about the status code the | |
configured handler (static file, CGI, proxy, etc.) would have | |
returned.</p> </dd> | |
<dt><strong>-x</strong></dt> | |
<dd>Has e<strong>x</strong>ecutable permissions.<br /> | |
Treats the <em>TestString</em> as a pathname and tests | |
whether or not it exists, and has executable permissions. | |
These permissions are determined according to | |
the underlying OS.</dd> | |
</dl> | |
For example: | |
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteCond /var/www/%{REQUEST_URI} !-f | |
RewriteRule ^(.+) /other/archive/$1 [R]</pre> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<p>If the <em>TestString</em> has the special value <code>expr</code>, the | |
<em>CondPattern</em> will be treated as an | |
<a href="../expr.html">ap_expr</a>.</p> | |
<p> | |
In the below example, <code>-strmatch</code> is used to | |
compare the <code>REFERER</code> against the site hostname, | |
to block unwanted hotlinking. | |
</p> | |
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteCond expr "! %{HTTP_REFERER} -strmatch '*://%{HTTP_HOST}/*'"<br /> | |
RewriteRule "^/images" "-" [F]</pre> | |
</li> | |
<li>You can also set special flags for | |
<em>CondPattern</em> by appending | |
<strong><code>[</code><em>flags</em><code>]</code></strong> | |
as the third argument to the <code>RewriteCond</code> | |
directive, where <em>flags</em> is a comma-separated list of any of the | |
following flags: | |
<ul> | |
<li>'<strong><code>nocase|NC</code></strong>' | |
(<strong>n</strong>o <strong>c</strong>ase)<br /> | |
This makes the test case-insensitive - differences | |
between 'A-Z' and 'a-z' are ignored, both in the | |
expanded <em>TestString</em> and the <em>CondPattern</em>. | |
This flag is effective only for comparisons between | |
<em>TestString</em> and <em>CondPattern</em>. It has no | |
effect on filesystem and subrequest checks.</li> | |
<li> | |
'<strong><code>ornext|OR</code></strong>' | |
(<strong>or</strong> next condition)<br /> | |
Use this to combine rule conditions with a local OR | |
instead of the implicit AND. Typical example: | |
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteCond "%{REMOTE_HOST}" "^host1" [OR] | |
RewriteCond "%{REMOTE_HOST}" "^host2" [OR] | |
RewriteCond "%{REMOTE_HOST}" "^host3" | |
RewriteRule ...some special stuff for any of these hosts...</pre> | |
Without this flag you would have to write the condition/rule | |
pair three times. | |
</li> | |
<li>'<strong><code>novary|NV</code></strong>' | |
(<strong>n</strong>o <strong>v</strong>ary)<br /> | |
If a HTTP header is used in the condition, this flag prevents | |
this header from being added to the Vary header of the response. <br /> | |
Using this flag might break proper caching of the response if | |
the representation of this response varies on the value of this header. | |
So this flag should be only used if the meaning of the Vary header | |
is well understood. | |
</li> | |
</ul> | |
</li> | |
</ol> | |
<p><strong>Example:</strong></p> | |
<p>To rewrite the Homepage of a site according to the | |
``<code>User-Agent:</code>'' header of the request, you can | |
use the following: </p> | |
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteCond "%{HTTP_USER_AGENT}" "(iPhone|Blackberry|Android)" | |
RewriteRule "^/$" "/homepage.mobile.html" [L] | |
RewriteRule "^/$" "/homepage.std.html" [L]</pre> | |
<p>Explanation: If you use a browser which identifies itself | |
as a mobile browser (note that the example is incomplete, as | |
there are many other mobile platforms), the mobile version of | |
the homepage is served. Otherwise, the standard page is served. | |
</p> | |
</div> | |
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> | |
<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="RewriteEngine" id="RewriteEngine">RewriteEngine</a> <a name="rewriteengine" id="rewriteengine">Directive</a></h2> | |
<table class="directive"> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Enables or disables runtime rewriting engine</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>RewriteEngine on|off</code></td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>RewriteEngine off</code></td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Override">Override:</a></th><td>FileInfo</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_rewrite</td></tr> | |
</table> | |
<p>The <code class="directive">RewriteEngine</code> directive enables or | |
disables the runtime rewriting engine. If it is set to | |
<code>off</code> this module does no runtime processing at | |
all. It does not even update the <code>SCRIPT_URx</code> | |
environment variables.</p> | |
<p>Use this directive to disable rules in a particular context, | |
rather than commenting out all the <code class="directive"><a href="#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> directives.</p> | |
<p>Note that rewrite configurations are not | |
inherited by virtual hosts. This means that you need to have a | |
<code>RewriteEngine on</code> directive for each virtual host | |
in which you wish to use rewrite rules.</p> | |
<p><code class="directive"><a href="#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> directives | |
of the type <code>prg</code> | |
are not started during server initialization if they're defined in a | |
context that does not have <code class="directive">RewriteEngine</code> set to | |
<code>on</code></p> | |
</div> | |
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> | |
<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="RewriteMap" id="RewriteMap">RewriteMap</a> <a name="rewritemap" id="rewritemap">Directive</a></h2> | |
<table class="directive"> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Defines a mapping function for key-lookup</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>RewriteMap <em>MapName</em> <em>MapType</em>:<em>MapSource</em> | |
<em>MapTypeOptions</em> | |
</code></td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_rewrite</td></tr> | |
</table> | |
<p>The <code class="directive">RewriteMap</code> directive defines a | |
<em>Rewriting Map</em> which can be used inside rule | |
substitution strings by the mapping-functions to | |
insert/substitute fields through a key lookup. The source of | |
this lookup can be of various types.</p> | |
<p>The <a id="mapfunc" name="mapfunc"><em>MapName</em></a> is | |
the name of the map and will be used to specify a | |
mapping-function for the substitution strings of a rewriting | |
rule via one of the following constructs:</p> | |
<p class="indent"> | |
<strong><code>${</code> <em>MapName</em> <code>:</code> | |
<em>LookupKey</em> <code>}</code><br /> | |
<code>${</code> <em>MapName</em> <code>:</code> | |
<em>LookupKey</em> <code>|</code> <em>DefaultValue</em> | |
<code>}</code></strong> | |
</p> | |
<p>When such a construct occurs, the map <em>MapName</em> is | |
consulted and the key <em>LookupKey</em> is looked-up. If the | |
key is found, the map-function construct is substituted by | |
<em>SubstValue</em>. If the key is not found then it is | |
substituted by <em>DefaultValue</em> or by the empty string | |
if no <em>DefaultValue</em> was specified. Empty values | |
behave as if the key was absent, therefore it is not possible | |
to distinguish between empty-valued keys and absent keys.</p> | |
<p>For example, you might define a | |
<code class="directive">RewriteMap</code> as:</p> | |
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteMap examplemap "txt:/path/to/file/map.txt"</pre> | |
<p>You would then be able to use this map in a | |
<code class="directive">RewriteRule</code> as follows:</p> | |
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteRule "^/ex/(.*)" "${examplemap:$1}"</pre> | |
<p>The meaning of the <em>MapTypeOptions</em> argument depends on | |
particular <em>MapType</em>. See the | |
<a href="../rewrite/rewritemap.html">Using RewriteMap</a> for | |
more information.</p> | |
<p>The following combinations for <em>MapType</em> and | |
<em>MapSource</em> can be used:</p> | |
<dl> | |
<dt>txt</dt> | |
<dd>A plain text file containing space-separated key-value | |
pairs, one per line. (<a href="../rewrite/rewritemap.html#txt">Details ...</a>)</dd> | |
<dt>rnd</dt> | |
<dd>Randomly selects an entry from a plain text file (<a href="../rewrite/rewritemap.html#rnd">Details ...</a>)</dd> | |
<dt>dbm</dt> | |
<dd>Looks up an entry in a dbm file containing name, value | |
pairs. Hash is constructed from a plain text file format using | |
the <code><a href="../programs/httxt2dbm.html">httxt2dbm</a></code> | |
utility. (<a href="../rewrite/rewritemap.html#dbm">Details ...</a>)</dd> | |
<dt>int</dt> | |
<dd>One of the four available internal functions provided by | |
<code>RewriteMap</code>: toupper, tolower, escape or | |
unescape. (<a href="../rewrite/rewritemap.html#int">Details ...</a>)</dd> | |
<dt>prg</dt> | |
<dd>Calls an external program or script to process the | |
rewriting. (<a href="../rewrite/rewritemap.html#prg">Details ...</a>)</dd> | |
<dt>dbd or fastdbd</dt> | |
<dd>A SQL SELECT statement to be performed to look up the | |
rewrite target. (<a href="../rewrite/rewritemap.html#dbd">Details ...</a>)</dd> | |
</dl> | |
<p>Further details, and numerous examples, may be found in the <a href="../rewrite/rewritemap.html">RewriteMap HowTo</a></p> | |
</div> | |
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> | |
<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="RewriteOptions" id="RewriteOptions">RewriteOptions</a> <a name="rewriteoptions" id="rewriteoptions">Directive</a></h2> | |
<table class="directive"> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Sets some special options for the rewrite engine</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>RewriteOptions <var>Options</var></code></td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Override">Override:</a></th><td>FileInfo</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_rewrite</td></tr> | |
</table> | |
<p>The <code class="directive">RewriteOptions</code> directive sets some | |
special options for the current per-server or per-directory | |
configuration. The <em>Option</em> string can currently | |
only be one of the following:</p> | |
<dl> | |
<dt><code>Inherit</code></dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p>This forces the current configuration to inherit the | |
configuration of the parent. In per-virtual-server context, | |
this means that the maps, conditions and rules of the main | |
server are inherited. In per-directory context this means | |
that conditions and rules of the parent directory's | |
<code>.htaccess</code> configuration or | |
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> | |
sections are inherited. The inherited rules are virtually copied | |
to the section where this directive is being used. If used in | |
combination with local rules, the inherited rules are copied behind | |
the local rules. The position of this directive - below or above | |
of local rules - has no influence on this behavior. If local | |
rules forced the rewriting to stop, the inherited rules won't | |
be processed.</p> | |
<div class="warning"> | |
Rules inherited from the parent scope are applied | |
<strong>after</strong> rules specified in the child scope. | |
</div> | |
</dd> | |
<dt><code>InheritBefore</code></dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> Like <code>Inherit</code> above, but the rules from the parent scope | |
are applied <strong>before</strong> rules specified in the child scope.<br /> | |
Available in Apache HTTP Server 2.3.10 and later.</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt><code>InheritDown</code></dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p>If this option is enabled, all child configurations will inherit | |
the configuration of the current configuration. It is equivalent to | |
specifying <code>RewriteOptions Inherit</code> in all child | |
configurations. See the <code>Inherit</code> option for more details | |
on how the parent-child relationships are handled.<br /> | |
Available in Apache HTTP Server 2.4.8 and later.</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt><code>InheritDownBefore</code></dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p>Like <code>InheritDown</code> above, but the rules from the current | |
scope are applied <strong>before</strong> rules specified in any child's | |
scope.<br /> | |
Available in Apache HTTP Server 2.4.8 and later.</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt><code>IgnoreInherit</code></dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p>This option forces the current and child configurations to ignore | |
all rules that would be inherited from a parent specifying | |
<code>InheritDown</code> or <code>InheritDownBefore</code>.<br /> | |
Available in Apache HTTP Server 2.4.8 and later.</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt><code>AllowNoSlash</code></dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p>By default, <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> will ignore URLs that map to a | |
directory on disk but lack a trailing slash, in the expectation that | |
the <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dir.html">mod_dir</a></code> module will issue the client with a redirect to | |
the canonical URL with a trailing slash.</p> | |
<p>When the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_dir.html#directoryslash">DirectorySlash</a></code> directive | |
is set to off, the <code>AllowNoSlash</code> option can be enabled to ensure | |
that rewrite rules are no longer ignored. This option makes it possible to | |
apply rewrite rules within .htaccess files that match the directory without | |
a trailing slash, if so desired.<br /> | |
Available in Apache HTTP Server 2.4.0 and later.</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt><code>AllowAnyURI</code></dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p>When <code class="directive"><a href="#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> | |
is used in <code>VirtualHost</code> or server context with | |
version 2.2.22 or later of httpd, <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> | |
will only process the rewrite rules if the request URI is a <a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">URL-path</a>. This avoids | |
some security issues where particular rules could allow | |
"surprising" pattern expansions (see <a href="http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2011-3368">CVE-2011-3368</a> | |
and <a href="http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2011-4317">CVE-2011-4317</a>). | |
To lift the restriction on matching a URL-path, the | |
<code>AllowAnyURI</code> option can be enabled, and | |
<code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> will apply the rule set to any | |
request URI string, regardless of whether that string matches | |
the URL-path grammar required by the HTTP specification.<br /> | |
Available in Apache HTTP Server 2.4.3 and later.</p> | |
<div class="warning"> | |
<h3>Security Warning</h3> | |
<p>Enabling this option will make the server vulnerable to | |
security issues if used with rewrite rules which are not | |
carefully authored. It is <strong>strongly recommended</strong> | |
that this option is not used. In particular, beware of input | |
strings containing the '<code>@</code>' character which could | |
change the interpretation of the transformed URI, as per the | |
above CVE names.</p> | |
</div> | |
</dd> | |
<dt><code>MergeBase</code></dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p>With this option, the value of <code class="directive"><a href="#rewritebase">RewriteBase</a></code> is copied from where it's explicitly defined | |
into any sub-directory or sub-location that doesn't define its own | |
<code class="directive"><a href="#rewritebase">RewriteBase</a></code>. This was the | |
default behavior in 2.4.0 through 2.4.3, and the flag to restore it is | |
available Apache HTTP Server 2.4.4 and later.</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt><code>IgnoreContextInfo</code></dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p>When a relative substitution is made | |
in directory (htaccess) context and <code class="directive"><a href="#rewritebase">RewriteBase</a></code> has not been set, this module uses some | |
extended URL and filesystem context information to change the | |
relative substitution back into a URL. Modules such as | |
<code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_userdir.html">mod_userdir</a></code> and <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_alias.html">mod_alias</a></code> | |
supply this extended context info. </p> | |
</dd> | |
</dl> | |
</div> | |
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> | |
<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="RewriteRule" id="RewriteRule">RewriteRule</a> <a name="rewriterule" id="rewriterule">Directive</a></h2> | |
<table class="directive"> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Defines rules for the rewriting engine</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>RewriteRule | |
<em>Pattern</em> <em>Substitution</em> [<em>flags</em>]</code></td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Override">Override:</a></th><td>FileInfo</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> | |
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_rewrite</td></tr> | |
</table> | |
<p>The <code class="directive">RewriteRule</code> directive is the real | |
rewriting workhorse. The directive can occur more than once, | |
with each instance defining a single rewrite rule. The | |
order in which these rules are defined is important - this is the order | |
in which they will be applied at run-time.</p> | |
<p><a id="patterns" name="patterns"><em>Pattern</em></a> is | |
a perl compatible <a id="regexp" name="regexp">regular | |
expression</a>. On the first RewriteRule, it is matched against | |
the (%-decoded) <a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">URL-path</a> | |
of the request, or, in per-directory context (see below), the URL | |
path relative to that per-directory context. Subsequent patterns | |
are matched against the output of the last matching RewriteRule.</p> | |
<div class="note"><h3><a id="what_is_matched" name="what_is_matched">What is matched?</a></h3> | |
<p>In <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#virtualhost">VirtualHost</a></code> context, | |
The <em>Pattern</em> will initially be matched against the part of the | |
URL after the hostname and port, and before the query string (e.g. "/app1/index.html").</p> | |
<p>In <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory">Directory</a></code> and htaccess context, | |
the <em>Pattern</em> will initially be matched against the | |
<em>filesystem</em> path, after removing the prefix that led the server | |
to the current <code class="directive">RewriteRule</code> (e.g. "app1/index.html" | |
or "index.html" depending on where the directives are defined).</p> | |
<p>If you wish to match against the hostname, port, or query string, use a | |
<code class="directive"><a href="#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code> with the | |
<code>%{HTTP_HOST}</code>, <code>%{SERVER_PORT}</code>, or | |
<code>%{QUERY_STRING}</code> variables respectively.</p> | |
<p>In any case, remember that regular expressions are substring | |
matches. That is, you don't need the regex to describe the entire | |
string, just the part that you wish to match. Thus, using a regex | |
of <code>.</code> is often sufficient rather than <code>.*</code>, | |
and the regex <code>abc</code> is <strong>not</strong> the same as | |
<code>^abc$</code>.</p> | |
</div> | |
<div class="note"><h3>Per-directory Rewrites</h3> | |
<ul> | |
<li>The rewrite engine may be used in <a href="../howto/htaccess.html">.htaccess</a> files and in <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> sections, with some additional | |
complexity.</li> | |
<li>To enable the rewrite engine in this context, you need to set | |
"<code>RewriteEngine On</code>" <strong>and</strong> | |
"<code>Options FollowSymLinks</code>" must be enabled. If your | |
administrator has disabled override of <code>FollowSymLinks</code> for | |
a user's directory, then you cannot use the rewrite engine. This | |
restriction is required for security reasons.</li> | |
<li>When using the rewrite engine in <code>.htaccess</code> files the | |
per-directory prefix (which always is the same for a specific | |
directory) is automatically <em>removed</em> for the RewriteRule pattern matching | |
and automatically <em>added</em> after any relative (not starting with a | |
slash or protocol name) substitution encounters the end of a rule set. | |
See the <code class="directive"><a href="#rewritebase">RewriteBase</a></code> | |
directive for more information regarding what prefix will be added back to | |
relative substitutions.</li> | |
<li> If you wish to match against the full URL-path in a per-directory | |
(htaccess) RewriteRule, use the <code>%{REQUEST_URI}</code> variable in | |
a <code class="directive"><a href="#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code>.</li> | |
<li>The removed prefix always ends with a slash, meaning the matching occurs against a string which | |
<em>never</em> has a leading slash. Therefore, a <em>Pattern</em> with <code>^/</code> never | |
matches in per-directory context.</li> | |
<li>Although rewrite rules are syntactically permitted in <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#location"><Location></a></code> and <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#files"><Files></a></code> sections | |
(including their regular expression counterparts), this | |
should never be necessary and is unsupported. A likely feature | |
to break in these contexts is relative substitutions.</li> | |
</ul> | |
</div> | |
<p>For some hints on <a class="glossarylink" href="../glossary.html#regex" title="see glossary">regular | |
expressions</a>, see | |
the <a href="../rewrite/intro.html#regex">mod_rewrite | |
Introduction</a>.</p> | |
<p>In mod_rewrite, the NOT character | |
('<code>!</code>') is also available as a possible pattern | |
prefix. This enables you to negate a pattern; to say, for instance: | |
``<em>if the current URL does <strong>NOT</strong> match this | |
pattern</em>''. This can be used for exceptional cases, where | |
it is easier to match the negative pattern, or as a last | |
default rule.</p> | |
<div class="note"><h3>Note</h3> | |
When using the NOT character to negate a pattern, you cannot include | |
grouped wildcard parts in that pattern. This is because, when the | |
pattern does NOT match (ie, the negation matches), there are no | |
contents for the groups. Thus, if negated patterns are used, you | |
cannot use <code>$N</code> in the substitution string! | |
</div> | |
<p>The <a id="rhs" name="rhs"><em>Substitution</em></a> of a | |
rewrite rule is the string that replaces the original URL-path that | |
was matched by <em>Pattern</em>. The <em>Substitution</em> may | |
be a:</p> | |
<dl> | |
<dt>file-system path</dt> | |
<dd>Designates the location on the file-system of the resource | |
to be delivered to the client. Substitutions are only | |
treated as a file-system path when the rule is configured in | |
server (virtualhost) context and the first component of the | |
path in the substitution exists in the file-system</dd> | |
<dt>URL-path</dt> | |
<dd>A <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code>-relative path to the | |
resource to be served. Note that <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> | |
tries to guess whether you have specified a file-system path | |
or a URL-path by checking to see if the first segment of the | |
path exists at the root of the file-system. For example, if | |
you specify a <em>Substitution</em> string of | |
<code>/www/file.html</code>, then this will be treated as a | |
URL-path <em>unless</em> a directory named <code>www</code> | |
exists at the root or your file-system (or, in the case of | |
using rewrites in a <code>.htaccess</code> file, relative to | |
your document root), in which case it will | |
be treated as a file-system path. If you wish other | |
URL-mapping directives (such as <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_alias.html#alias">Alias</a></code>) to be applied to the | |
resulting URL-path, use the <code>[PT]</code> flag as | |
described below.</dd> | |
<dt>Absolute URL</dt> | |
<dd>If an absolute URL is specified, | |
<code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> checks to see whether the | |
hostname matches the current host. If it does, the scheme and | |
hostname are stripped out and the resulting path is treated as | |
a URL-path. Otherwise, an external redirect is performed for | |
the given URL. To force an external redirect back to the | |
current host, see the <code>[R]</code> flag below.</dd> | |
<dt><code>-</code> (dash)</dt> | |
<dd>A dash indicates that no substitution should be performed | |
(the existing path is passed through untouched). This is used | |
when a flag (see below) needs to be applied without changing | |
the path.</dd> | |
</dl> | |
<p>In addition to plain text, the <em>Substitution</em> string can include</p> | |
<ol> | |
<li>back-references (<code>$N</code>) to the RewriteRule | |
pattern</li> | |
<li>back-references (<code>%N</code>) to the last matched | |
RewriteCond pattern</li> | |
<li>server-variables as in rule condition test-strings | |
(<code>%{VARNAME}</code>)</li> | |
<li><a href="#mapfunc">mapping-function</a> calls | |
(<code>${mapname:key|default}</code>)</li> | |
</ol> | |
<p>Back-references are identifiers of the form | |
<code>$</code><strong>N</strong> | |
(<strong>N</strong>=0..9), which will be replaced | |
by the contents of the <strong>N</strong>th group of the | |
matched <em>Pattern</em>. The server-variables are the same | |
as for the <em>TestString</em> of a | |
<code class="directive"><a href="#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code> | |
directive. The mapping-functions come from the | |
<code class="directive"><a href="#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> | |
directive and are explained there. | |
These three types of variables are expanded in the order above.</p> | |
<p>Rewrite rules are applied to the results of previous rewrite | |
rules, in the order in which they are defined | |
in the config file. The URL-path or file-system path (see <a href="#what_is_matched">"What is matched?"</a>, above) is <strong>completely | |
replaced</strong> by the <em>Substitution</em> and the | |
rewriting process continues until all rules have been applied, | |
or it is explicitly terminated by an | |
<a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_l"><code><strong>L</strong></code> flag</a>, | |
or other flag which implies immediate termination, such as | |
<code><strong>END</strong></code> or | |
<code><strong>F</strong></code>.</p> | |
<div class="note"><h3>Modifying the Query String</h3> | |
<p>By default, the query string is passed through unchanged. You | |
can, however, create URLs in the substitution string containing | |
a query string part. Simply use a question mark inside the | |
substitution string to indicate that the following text should | |
be re-injected into the query string. When you want to erase an | |
existing query string, end the substitution string with just a | |
question mark. To combine new and old query strings, use the | |
<code>[QSA]</code> flag.</p> | |
</div> | |
<p>Additionally you can set special <a name="rewriteflags" id="rewriteflags">actions</a> to be performed by | |
appending <strong><code>[</code><em>flags</em><code>]</code></strong> | |
as the third argument to the <code class="directive">RewriteRule</code> | |
directive. <em>Flags</em> is a comma-separated list, surround by square | |
brackets, of any of the flags in the following table. More | |
details, and examples, for each flag, are available in the <a href="../rewrite/flags.html">Rewrite Flags document</a>.</p> | |
<table class="bordered"><tr class="header"><th>Flag and syntax</th> | |
<th>Function</th> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>B</td> | |
<td>Escape non-alphanumeric characters in backreferences <em>before</em> | |
applying the transformation. <em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_b">details ...</a></em></td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>backrefnoplus|BNP</td> | |
<td>If backreferences are being escaped, spaces should be escaped to | |
%20 instead of +. Useful when the backreference will be used in the | |
path component rather than the query string.<em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_bnp">details ...</a></em></td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>chain|C</td> | |
<td>Rule is chained to the following rule. If the rule fails, | |
the rule(s) chained to it will be skipped. <em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_c">details ...</a></em></td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>cookie|CO=<em>NAME</em>:<em>VAL</em></td> | |
<td>Sets a cookie in the client browser. Full syntax is: | |
CO=<em>NAME</em>:<em>VAL</em>:<em>domain</em>[:<em>lifetime</em>[:<em>path</em>[:<em>secure</em>[:<em>httponly</em>]]]] <em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_co">details ...</a></em> | |
</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>discardpath|DPI</td> | |
<td>Causes the PATH_INFO portion of the rewritten URI to be | |
discarded. <em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_dpi">details | |
...</a></em></td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>END</td> | |
<td>Stop the rewriting process immediately and don't apply any | |
more rules. Also prevents further execution of rewrite rules | |
in per-directory and .htaccess context. (Available in 2.3.9 and later) | |
<em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_end">details ...</a></em></td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>env|E=[!]<em>VAR</em>[:<em>VAL</em>]</td> | |
<td>Causes an environment variable <em>VAR</em> to be set (to the | |
value <em>VAL</em> if provided). The form !<em>VAR</em> causes | |
the environment variable <em>VAR</em> to be unset. | |
<em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_e">details ...</a></em></td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>forbidden|F</td> | |
<td>Returns a 403 FORBIDDEN response to the client browser. | |
<em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_f">details ...</a></em></td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>gone|G</td> | |
<td>Returns a 410 GONE response to the client browser. <em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_g">details ...</a></em></td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>Handler|H=<em>Content-handler</em></td> | |
<td>Causes the resulting URI to be sent to the specified | |
<em>Content-handler</em> for processing. <em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_h">details ...</a></em></td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>last|L</td> | |
<td>Stop the rewriting process immediately and don't apply any | |
more rules. Especially note caveats for per-directory and | |
.htaccess context (see also the END flag). <em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_l">details ...</a></em></td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>next|N</td> | |
<td>Re-run the rewriting process, starting again with the first | |
rule, using the result of the ruleset so far as a starting | |
point. <em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_n">details | |
...</a></em></td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>nocase|NC</td> | |
<td>Makes the pattern comparison case-insensitive. | |
<em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_nc">details ...</a></em></td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>noescape|NE</td> | |
<td>Prevent mod_rewrite from applying hexcode escaping of | |
special characters in the result of the rewrite. <em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_ne">details ...</a></em></td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>nosubreq|NS</td> | |
<td>Causes a rule to be skipped if the current request is an | |
internal sub-request. <em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_ns">details ...</a></em></td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>proxy|P</td> | |
<td>Force the substitution URL to be internally sent as a proxy | |
request. <em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_p">details | |
...</a></em></td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>passthrough|PT</td> | |
<td>Forces the resulting URI to be passed back to the URL | |
mapping engine for processing of other URI-to-filename | |
translators, such as <code>Alias</code> or | |
<code>Redirect</code>. <em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_pt">details ...</a></em></td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>qsappend|QSA</td> | |
<td>Appends any query string from the original request URL to | |
any query string created in the rewrite target.<em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_qsa">details ...</a></em></td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>qsdiscard|QSD</td> | |
<td>Discard any query string attached to the incoming URI. | |
<em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_qsd">details | |
...</a></em></td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>qslast|QSL</td> | |
<td>Interpret the last (right-most) question mark as the query string | |
delimeter, instead of the first (left-most) as normally used. | |
Available in 2.4.19 and later. | |
<em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_qsl">details | |
...</a></em></td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>redirect|R[=<em>code</em>]</td> | |
<td>Forces an external redirect, optionally with the specified | |
HTTP status code. <em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_r">details ...</a></em> | |
</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>skip|S=<em>num</em></td> | |
<td>Tells the rewriting engine to skip the next <em>num</em> | |
rules if the current rule matches. <em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_s">details ...</a></em></td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>type|T=<em>MIME-type</em></td> | |
<td>Force the <a class="glossarylink" href="../glossary.html#mime-type" title="see glossary">MIME-type</a> of the target file | |
to be the specified type. <em><a href="../rewrite/flags.html#flag_t">details ...</a></em></td> | |
</tr> | |
</table> | |
<div class="note"><h3>Home directory expansion</h3> | |
<p> When the substitution string begins with a string | |
resembling "/~user" (via explicit text or backreferences), mod_rewrite performs | |
home directory expansion independent of the presence or configuration | |
of <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_userdir.html">mod_userdir</a></code>.</p> | |
<p> This expansion does not occur when the <em>PT</em> | |
flag is used on the <code class="directive"><a href="#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> | |
directive.</p> | |
</div> | |
<p>Here are all possible substitution combinations and their | |
meanings:</p> | |
<p><strong>Inside per-server configuration | |
(<code>httpd.conf</code>)<br /> | |
for request ``<code>GET | |
/somepath/pathinfo</code>'':</strong><br /> | |
</p> | |
<table class="bordered"><tr class="header"> | |
<th>Given Rule</th> | |
<th>Resulting Substitution</th> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>^/somepath(.*) otherpath$1</td> | |
<td>invalid, not supported</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>^/somepath(.*) otherpath$1 [R]</td> | |
<td>invalid, not supported</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>^/somepath(.*) otherpath$1 [P]</td> | |
<td>invalid, not supported</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>^/somepath(.*) /otherpath$1</td> | |
<td>/otherpath/pathinfo</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>^/somepath(.*) /otherpath$1 [R]</td> | |
<td>http://thishost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>^/somepath(.*) /otherpath$1 [P]</td> | |
<td>doesn't make sense, not supported</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>^/somepath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1</td> | |
<td>/otherpath/pathinfo</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>^/somepath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 [R]</td> | |
<td>http://thishost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>^/somepath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 [P]</td> | |
<td>doesn't make sense, not supported</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>^/somepath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1</td> | |
<td>http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>^/somepath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 [R]</td> | |
<td>http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection (the [R] flag is redundant)</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>^/somepath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 [P]</td> | |
<td>http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo via internal proxy</td> | |
</tr> | |
</table> | |
<p><strong>Inside per-directory configuration for | |
<code>/somepath</code><br /> | |
(<code>/physical/path/to/somepath/.htaccess</code>, with | |
<code>RewriteBase "/somepath"</code>)<br /> | |
for request ``<code>GET | |
/somepath/localpath/pathinfo</code>'':</strong><br /> | |
</p> | |
<table class="bordered"><tr class="header"> | |
<th>Given Rule</th> | |
<th>Resulting Substitution</th> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>^localpath(.*) otherpath$1</td> | |
<td>/somepath/otherpath/pathinfo</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>^localpath(.*) otherpath$1 [R]</td> | |
<td>http://thishost/somepath/otherpath/pathinfo via external | |
redirection</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>^localpath(.*) otherpath$1 [P]</td> | |
<td>doesn't make sense, not supported</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>^localpath(.*) /otherpath$1</td> | |
<td>/otherpath/pathinfo</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>^localpath(.*) /otherpath$1 [R]</td> | |
<td>http://thishost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>^localpath(.*) /otherpath$1 [P]</td> | |
<td>doesn't make sense, not supported</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>^localpath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1</td> | |
<td>/otherpath/pathinfo</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>^localpath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 [R]</td> | |
<td>http://thishost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>^localpath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 [P]</td> | |
<td>doesn't make sense, not supported</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>^localpath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1</td> | |
<td>http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr> | |
<td>^localpath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 [R]</td> | |
<td>http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection (the [R] flag is redundant)</td> | |
</tr> | |
<tr class="odd"> | |
<td>^localpath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 [P]</td> | |
<td>http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo via internal proxy</td> | |
</tr> | |
</table> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="bottomlang"> | |
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