Merge branch 'merge' into next

Merge my own merge branch to get various fixes from there and upstream, especially the hvc console tty refcouting fixes which which testing is quite a bit harder...
git-mirror · Nov 25, 2012 · 2a859ab · 2a859ab
2 parents cedddd8 + e716e01
commit 2a859ab
Show file tree

Hide file tree

Showing 995 changed files with 13,864 additions and 11,224 deletions.
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
@@ -14,10 +14,6 @@
 *.o.*
 *.a
 *.s
-*.ko.unsigned
-*.ko.stripped
-*.ko.stripped.dig
-*.ko.stripped.sig
 *.ko
 *.so
 *.so.dbg
@@ -95,6 +91,4 @@ GTAGS
 extra_certificates
 signing_key.priv
 signing_key.x509
-signing_key.x509.keyid
-signing_key.x509.signer
 x509.genkey
diff --git a/Documentation/00-INDEX b/Documentation/00-INDEX
@@ -210,6 +210,8 @@ local_ops.txt
 	- semantics and behavior of local atomic operations.
 lockdep-design.txt
 	- documentation on the runtime locking correctness validator.
+lockup-watchdogs.txt
+	- info on soft and hard lockup detectors (aka nmi_watchdog).
 logo.gif
 	- full colour GIF image of Linux logo (penguin - Tux).
 logo.txt
@@ -240,8 +242,6 @@ netlabel/
 	- directory with information on the NetLabel subsystem.
 networking/
 	- directory with info on various aspects of networking with Linux.
-nmi_watchdog.txt
-	- info on NMI watchdog for SMP systems.
 nommu-mmap.txt
 	- documentation about no-mmu memory mapping support.
 numastat.txt

diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/media/Makefile b/Documentation/DocBook/media/Makefile
@@ -56,15 +56,15 @@ FUNCS = \
 	write \
 
 IOCTLS = \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /\#define\s+([^\s]+)\s+_IO/' $(srctree)/include/linux/videodev2.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /\#define\s+([^\s]+)\s+_IO/' $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/audio.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /\#define\s+([^\s]+)\s+_IO/' $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/ca.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /\#define\s+([^\s]+)\s+_IO/' $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/dmx.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /\#define\s+([^\s]+)\s+_IO/' $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/frontend.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /\#define\s+([A-Z][^\s]+)\s+_IO/' $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/net.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /\#define\s+([^\s]+)\s+_IO/' $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/video.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /\#define\s+([^\s]+)\s+_IO/' $(srctree)/include/linux/media.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /\#define\s+([^\s]+)\s+_IO/' $(srctree)/include/linux/v4l2-subdev.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /\#define\s+([^\s]+)\s+_IO/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/videodev2.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /\#define\s+([^\s]+)\s+_IO/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/audio.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /\#define\s+([^\s]+)\s+_IO/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/ca.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /\#define\s+([^\s]+)\s+_IO/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/dmx.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /\#define\s+([^\s]+)\s+_IO/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/frontend.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /\#define\s+([A-Z][^\s]+)\s+_IO/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/net.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /\#define\s+([^\s]+)\s+_IO/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/video.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /\#define\s+([^\s]+)\s+_IO/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/media.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /\#define\s+([^\s]+)\s+_IO/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/v4l2-subdev.h) \
 	VIDIOC_SUBDEV_G_FRAME_INTERVAL \
 	VIDIOC_SUBDEV_S_FRAME_INTERVAL \
 	VIDIOC_SUBDEV_ENUM_MBUS_CODE \
@@ -74,32 +74,32 @@ IOCTLS = \
 	VIDIOC_SUBDEV_S_SELECTION \
 
 TYPES = \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^typedef\s+[^\s]+\s+([^\s]+)\;/' $(srctree)/include/linux/videodev2.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^}\s+([a-z0-9_]+_t)/' $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/frontend.h)
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^typedef\s+[^\s]+\s+([^\s]+)\;/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/videodev2.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^}\s+([a-z0-9_]+_t)/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/frontend.h)
 
 ENUMS = \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^enum\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/linux/videodev2.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^enum\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/audio.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^enum\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/ca.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^enum\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/dmx.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^enum\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/frontend.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^enum\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/net.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^enum\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/video.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^enum\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/linux/media.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^enum\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/linux/v4l2-mediabus.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^enum\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/linux/v4l2-subdev.h)
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^enum\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/videodev2.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^enum\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/audio.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^enum\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/ca.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^enum\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/dmx.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^enum\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/frontend.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^enum\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/net.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^enum\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/video.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^enum\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/media.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^enum\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/v4l2-mediabus.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^enum\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/v4l2-subdev.h)
 
 STRUCTS = \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^struct\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/linux/videodev2.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if (/^struct\s+([^\s\{]+)\s*/)' $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/audio.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if (/^struct\s+([^\s]+)\s+/)' $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/ca.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if (/^struct\s+([^\s]+)\s+/)' $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/dmx.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if (!/dtv\_cmds\_h/ && /^struct\s+([^\s]+)\s+/)' $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/frontend.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if (/^struct\s+([A-Z][^\s]+)\s+/)' $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/net.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if (/^struct\s+([^\s]+)\s+/)' $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/video.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^struct\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/linux/media.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^struct\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/linux/v4l2-subdev.h) \
-	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^struct\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/linux/v4l2-mediabus.h)
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^struct\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/videodev2.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if (/^struct\s+([^\s\{]+)\s*/)' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/audio.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if (/^struct\s+([^\s]+)\s+/)' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/ca.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if (/^struct\s+([^\s]+)\s+/)' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/dmx.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if (!/dtv\_cmds\_h/ && /^struct\s+([^\s]+)\s+/)' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/frontend.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if (/^struct\s+([A-Z][^\s]+)\s+/)' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/net.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if (/^struct\s+([^\s]+)\s+/)' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/video.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^struct\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/media.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^struct\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/v4l2-subdev.h) \
+	$(shell perl -ne 'print "$$1 " if /^struct\s+([^\s]+)\s+/' $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/v4l2-mediabus.h)
 
 ERRORS = \
 	E2BIG \
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/v4l2.xml: $(OBJIMGFILES)
 	@(ln -sf $(MEDIA_SRC_DIR)/v4l/*xml $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/)
 	@(ln -sf $(MEDIA_SRC_DIR)/dvb/*xml $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/)
 
-$(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/videodev2.h.xml: $(srctree)/include/linux/videodev2.h $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/v4l2.xml
+$(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/videodev2.h.xml: $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/videodev2.h $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/v4l2.xml
 	@$($(quiet)gen_xml)
 	@(					\
 	echo "<programlisting>") > $@
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/videodev2.h.xml: $(srctree)/include/linux/videodev2.h $(MEDIA_O
 	@(					\
 	echo "</programlisting>") >> $@
 
-$(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/audio.h.xml: $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/audio.h $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/v4l2.xml
+$(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/audio.h.xml: $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/audio.h $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/v4l2.xml
 	@$($(quiet)gen_xml)
 	@(					\
 	echo "<programlisting>") > $@
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/audio.h.xml: $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/audio.h $(MEDIA_OBJ_D
 	@(					\
 	echo "</programlisting>") >> $@
 
-$(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/ca.h.xml: $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/ca.h $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/v4l2.xml
+$(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/ca.h.xml: $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/ca.h $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/v4l2.xml
 	@$($(quiet)gen_xml)
 	@(					\
 	echo "<programlisting>") > $@
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/ca.h.xml: $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/ca.h $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/v4
 	@(					\
 	echo "</programlisting>") >> $@
 
-$(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/dmx.h.xml: $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/dmx.h $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/v4l2.xml
+$(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/dmx.h.xml: $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/dmx.h $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/v4l2.xml
 	@$($(quiet)gen_xml)
 	@(					\
 	echo "<programlisting>") > $@
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/dmx.h.xml: $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/dmx.h $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/
 	@(					\
 	echo "</programlisting>") >> $@
 
-$(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/frontend.h.xml: $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/frontend.h $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/v4l2.xml
+$(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/frontend.h.xml: $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/frontend.h $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/v4l2.xml
 	@$($(quiet)gen_xml)
 	@(					\
 	echo "<programlisting>") > $@
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/frontend.h.xml: $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/frontend.h $(MEDIA
 	@(					\
 	echo "</programlisting>") >> $@
 
-$(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/net.h.xml: $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/net.h $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/v4l2.xml
+$(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/net.h.xml: $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/net.h $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/v4l2.xml
 	@$($(quiet)gen_xml)
 	@(					\
 	echo "<programlisting>") > $@
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/net.h.xml: $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/net.h $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/
 	@(					\
 	echo "</programlisting>") >> $@
 
-$(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/video.h.xml: $(srctree)/include/linux/dvb/video.h $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/v4l2.xml
+$(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/video.h.xml: $(srctree)/include/uapi/linux/dvb/video.h $(MEDIA_OBJ_DIR)/v4l2.xml
 	@$($(quiet)gen_xml)
 	@(					\
 	echo "<programlisting>") > $@

diff --git a/Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/atmel-at91.txt b/Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/atmel-at91.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ PIT Timer required properties:
   shared across all System Controller members.
 
 TC/TCLIB Timer required properties:
-- compatible: Should be "atmel,<chip>-pit".
+- compatible: Should be "atmel,<chip>-tcb".
   <chip> can be "at91rm9200" or "at91sam9x5"
 - reg: Should contain registers location and length
 - interrupts: Should contain all interrupts for the TC block

diff --git a/Documentation/devicetree/bindings/pinctrl/nvidia,tegra20-pinmux.txt b/Documentation/devicetree/bindings/pinctrl/nvidia,tegra20-pinmux.txt
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ Valid values for pin and group names are:
 
     With some exceptions, these support nvidia,high-speed-mode,
     nvidia,schmitt, nvidia,low-power-mode, nvidia,pull-down-strength,
-    nvidia,pull-up-strength, nvidia,slew_rate-rising, nvidia,slew_rate-falling.
+    nvidia,pull-up-strength, nvidia,slew-rate-rising, nvidia,slew-rate-falling.
 
     drive_ao1, drive_ao2, drive_at1, drive_at2, drive_cdev1, drive_cdev2,
     drive_csus, drive_dap1, drive_dap2, drive_dap3, drive_dap4, drive_dbg,

diff --git a/Documentation/devicetree/bindings/pinctrl/nvidia,tegra30-pinmux.txt b/Documentation/devicetree/bindings/pinctrl/nvidia,tegra30-pinmux.txt
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ Valid values for pin and group names are:
   drive groups:
 
     These all support nvidia,pull-down-strength, nvidia,pull-up-strength,
-    nvidia,slew_rate-rising, nvidia,slew_rate-falling. Most but not all
+    nvidia,slew-rate-rising, nvidia,slew-rate-falling. Most but not all
     support nvidia,high-speed-mode, nvidia,schmitt, nvidia,low-power-mode.
 
     ao1, ao2, at1, at2, at3, at4, at5, cdev1, cdev2, cec, crt, csus, dap1,

diff --git a/Documentation/firmware_class/README b/Documentation/firmware_class/README
@@ -18,32 +18,40 @@
  High level behavior (mixed):
  ============================
 
- kernel(driver): calls request_firmware(&fw_entry, $FIRMWARE, device)
-
- userspace:
+ 1), kernel(driver):
+	- calls request_firmware(&fw_entry, $FIRMWARE, device)
+	- kernel searchs the fimware image with name $FIRMWARE directly
+	in the below search path of root filesystem:
+		"/lib/firmware/updates/" UTS_RELEASE,
+		"/lib/firmware/updates",
+		"/lib/firmware/" UTS_RELEASE,
+		"/lib/firmware"
+	- If found, goto 7), else goto 2)
+
+ 2), userspace:
  	- /sys/class/firmware/xxx/{loading,data} appear.
 	- hotplug gets called with a firmware identifier in $FIRMWARE
 	  and the usual hotplug environment.
 		- hotplug: echo 1 > /sys/class/firmware/xxx/loading
 
- kernel: Discard any previous partial load.
+ 3), kernel: Discard any previous partial load.
 
- userspace:
+ 4), userspace:
 		- hotplug: cat appropriate_firmware_image > \
 					/sys/class/firmware/xxx/data
 
- kernel: grows a buffer in PAGE_SIZE increments to hold the image as it
+ 5), kernel: grows a buffer in PAGE_SIZE increments to hold the image as it
 	 comes in.
 
- userspace:
+ 6), userspace:
 		- hotplug: echo 0 > /sys/class/firmware/xxx/loading
 
- kernel: request_firmware() returns and the driver has the firmware
+ 7), kernel: request_firmware() returns and the driver has the firmware
 	 image in fw_entry->{data,size}. If something went wrong
 	 request_firmware() returns non-zero and fw_entry is set to
 	 NULL.
 
- kernel(driver): Driver code calls release_firmware(fw_entry) releasing
+ 8), kernel(driver): Driver code calls release_firmware(fw_entry) releasing
 		 the firmware image and any related resource.
 
  High level behavior (driver code):

diff --git a/Documentation/hwmon/coretemp b/Documentation/hwmon/coretemp
@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@ Process		Processor					TjMax(C)
 		330/230						125
 		E680/660/640/620				90
 		E680T/660T/640T/620T				110
+		CE4170/4150/4110				110
 
 45nm		Core2 Processors
 		Solo ULV SU3500/3300				100

diff --git a/Documentation/hwmon/submitting-patches b/Documentation/hwmon/submitting-patches
@@ -60,8 +60,7 @@ increase the chances of your change being accepted.
 
 * Add the driver to Kconfig and Makefile in alphabetical order.
 
-* Make sure that all dependencies are listed in Kconfig. For new drivers, it
-  is most likely prudent to add a dependency on EXPERIMENTAL.
+* Make sure that all dependencies are listed in Kconfig.
 
 * Avoid forward declarations if you can. Rearrange the code if necessary.
 

diff --git a/Documentation/zh_CN/IRQ.txt b/Documentation/zh_CN/IRQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+Chinese translated version of Documentation/IRQ.txt
+
+If you have any comment or update to the content, please contact the
+original document maintainer directly.  However, if you have a problem
+communicating in English you can also ask the Chinese maintainer for
+help.  Contact the Chinese maintainer if this translation is outdated
+or if there is a problem with the translation.
+
+Maintainer: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederman@xmission.com>
+Chinese maintainer: Fu Wei <tekkamanninja@gmail.com>
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
+Documentation/IRQ.txt 的中文翻译
+
+如果想评论或更新本文的内容，请直接联系原文档的维护者。如果你使用英文
+交流有困难的话，也可以向中文版维护者求助。如果本翻译更新不及时或者翻
+译存在问题，请联系中文版维护者。
+英文版维护者： Eric W. Biederman <ebiederman@xmission.com>
+中文版维护者： 傅炜 Fu Wei <tekkamanninja@gmail.com>
+中文版翻译者： 傅炜 Fu Wei <tekkamanninja@gmail.com>
+中文版校译者： 傅炜 Fu Wei <tekkamanninja@gmail.com>
+
+
+以下为正文
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
+何为 IRQ?
+
+一个 IRQ 是来自某个设备的一个中断请求。目前，它们可以来自一个硬件引脚，
+或来自一个数据包。多个设备可能连接到同个硬件引脚，从而共享一个 IRQ。
+
+一个 IRQ 编号是用于告知硬件中断源的内核标识。通常情况下，这是一个
+全局 irq_desc 数组的索引，但是除了在 linux/interrupt.h 中的实现，
+具体的细节是体系结构特定的。
+
+一个 IRQ 编号是设备上某个可能的中断源的枚举。通常情况下，枚举的编号是
+该引脚在系统内中断控制器的所有输入引脚中的编号。对于 ISA 总线中的情况，
+枚举的是在两个 i8259 中断控制器中 16 个输入引脚。
+
+架构可以对 IRQ 编号指定额外的含义，在硬件涉及任何手工配置的情况下，
+是被提倡的。ISA 的 IRQ 是一个分配这类额外含义的典型例子。