fscrypt: add FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY ioctl

Add a new fscrypt ioctl, FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY.  This ioctl adds an
encryption key to the filesystem's fscrypt keyring ->s_master_keys,
making any files encrypted with that key appear "unlocked".

Why we need this
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The main problem is that the "locked/unlocked" (ciphertext/plaintext)
status of encrypted files is global, but the fscrypt keys are not.
fscrypt only looks for keys in the keyring(s) the process accessing the
filesystem is subscribed to: the thread keyring, process keyring, and
session keyring, where the session keyring may contain the user keyring.

Therefore, userspace has to put fscrypt keys in the keyrings for
individual users or sessions.  But this means that when a process with a
different keyring tries to access encrypted files, whether they appear
"unlocked" or not is nondeterministic.  This is because it depends on
whether the files are currently present in the inode cache.

Fixing this by consistently providing each process its own view of the
filesystem depending on whether it has the key or not isn't feasible due
to how the VFS caches work.  Furthermore, while sometimes users expect
this behavior, it is misguided for two reasons.  First, it would be an
OS-level access control mechanism largely redundant with existing access
control mechanisms such as UNIX file permissions, ACLs, LSMs, etc.
Encryption is actually for protecting the data at rest.

Second, almost all users of fscrypt actually do need the keys to be
global.  The largest users of fscrypt, Android and Chromium OS, achieve
this by having PID 1 create a "session keyring" that is inherited by
every process.  This works, but it isn't scalable because it prevents
session keyrings from being used for any other purpose.

On general-purpose Linux distros, the 'fscrypt' userspace tool [1] can't
similarly abuse the session keyring, so to make 'sudo' work on all
systems it has to link all the user keyrings into root's user keyring
[2].  This is ugly and raises security concerns.  Moreover it can't make
the keys available to system services, such as sshd trying to access the
user's '~/.ssh' directory (see [3], [4]) or NetworkManager trying to
read certificates from the user's home directory (see [5]); or to Docker
containers (see [6], [7]).

By having an API to add a key to the *filesystem* we'll be able to fix
the above bugs, remove userspace workarounds, and clearly express the
intended semantics: the locked/unlocked status of an encrypted directory
is global, and encryption is orthogonal to OS-level access control.

Why not use the add_key() syscall
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

We use an ioctl for this API rather than the existing add_key() system
call because the ioctl gives us the flexibility needed to implement
fscrypt-specific semantics that will be introduced in later patches:

- Supporting key removal with the semantics such that the secret is
  removed immediately and any unused inodes using the key are evicted;
  also, the eviction of any in-use inodes can be retried.

- Calculating a key-dependent cryptographic identifier and returning it
  to userspace.

- Allowing keys to be added and removed by non-root users, but only keys
  for v2 encryption policies; and to prevent denial-of-service attacks,
  users can only remove keys they themselves have added, and a key is
  only really removed after all users who added it have removed it.

Trying to shoehorn these semantics into the keyrings syscalls would be
very difficult, whereas the ioctls make things much easier.

However, to reuse code the implementation still uses the keyrings
service internally.  Thus we get lockless RCU-mode key lookups without
having to re-implement it, and the keys automatically show up in
/proc/keys for debugging purposes.

References:

    [1] https://github.com/google/fscrypt
    [2] https://goo.gl/55cCrI#heading=h.vf09isp98isb
    [3] https://github.com/google/fscrypt/issues/111#issuecomment-444347939
    [4] https://github.com/google/fscrypt/issues/116
    [5] https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/fscrypt/+bug/1770715
    [6] https://github.com/google/fscrypt/issues/128
    [7] https://askubuntu.com/questions/1130306/cannot-run-docker-on-an-encrypted-filesystem

Reviewed-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fs/crypto/Makefile

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_FS_ENCRYPTION)	+= fscrypto.o
 fscrypto-y := crypto.o \
 	      fname.o \
 	      hooks.o \
+	      keyring.o \
 	      keysetup.o \
 	      keysetup_v1.o \
 	      policy.o

fs/crypto/crypto.c

@@ -478,6 +478,8 @@ void fscrypt_msg(const struct inode *inode, const char *level,
  */
 static int __init fscrypt_init(void)
 {
+	int err = -ENOMEM;
+
 	/*
 	 * Use an unbound workqueue to allow bios to be decrypted in parallel
 	 * even when they happen to complete on the same CPU.  This sacrifices
@@ -500,13 +502,19 @@ static int __init fscrypt_init(void)
 	if (!fscrypt_info_cachep)
 		goto fail_free_ctx;
 
+	err = fscrypt_init_keyring();
+	if (err)
+		goto fail_free_info;
+
 	return 0;
 
+fail_free_info:
+	kmem_cache_destroy(fscrypt_info_cachep);
 fail_free_ctx:
 	kmem_cache_destroy(fscrypt_ctx_cachep);
 fail_free_queue:
 	destroy_workqueue(fscrypt_read_workqueue);
 fail:
-	return -ENOMEM;
+	return err;
 }
 late_initcall(fscrypt_init)

fs/crypto/fscrypt_private.h

@@ -14,9 +14,12 @@
 #include <linux/fscrypt.h>
 #include <crypto/hash.h>
 
-/* Encryption parameters */
+#define CONST_STRLEN(str)	(sizeof(str) - 1)
+
 #define FS_KEY_DERIVATION_NONCE_SIZE	16
 
+#define FSCRYPT_MIN_KEY_SIZE		16
+
 /**
  * Encryption context for inode
  *
@@ -156,6 +159,63 @@ extern bool fscrypt_fname_encrypted_size(const struct inode *inode,
 					 u32 orig_len, u32 max_len,
 					 u32 *encrypted_len_ret);
 
+/* keyring.c */
+
+/*
+ * fscrypt_master_key_secret - secret key material of an in-use master key
+ */
+struct fscrypt_master_key_secret {
+
+	/* Size of the raw key in bytes */
+	u32			size;
+
+	/* The raw key */
+	u8			raw[FSCRYPT_MAX_KEY_SIZE];
+
+} __randomize_layout;
+
+/*
+ * fscrypt_master_key - an in-use master key
+ *
+ * This represents a master encryption key which has been added to the
+ * filesystem and can be used to "unlock" the encrypted files which were
+ * encrypted with it.
+ */
+struct fscrypt_master_key {
+
+	/* The secret key material */
+	struct fscrypt_master_key_secret	mk_secret;
+
+	/* Arbitrary key descriptor which was assigned by userspace */
+	struct fscrypt_key_specifier		mk_spec;
+
+} __randomize_layout;
+
+static inline const char *master_key_spec_type(
+				const struct fscrypt_key_specifier *spec)
+{
+	switch (spec->type) {
+	case FSCRYPT_KEY_SPEC_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR:
+		return "descriptor";
+	}
+	return "[unknown]";
+}
+
+static inline int master_key_spec_len(const struct fscrypt_key_specifier *spec)
+{
+	switch (spec->type) {
+	case FSCRYPT_KEY_SPEC_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR:
+		return FSCRYPT_KEY_DESCRIPTOR_SIZE;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+extern struct key *
+fscrypt_find_master_key(struct super_block *sb,
+			const struct fscrypt_key_specifier *mk_spec);
+
+extern int __init fscrypt_init_keyring(void);
+
 /* keysetup.c */
 
 struct fscrypt_mode {