Merge branch 'bpf-improve-verifier-state-analysis'

Alexei Starovoitov says:

====================
v1->v2:
With optimization suggested by Jakub patch 4 safety check became
cheap enough.

Several improvements to verifier state logic.
Patch 1 - trivial optimization
Patch 3 - significant optimization for stack state equivalence
Patch 4 - safety check for liveness and prep for future state merging
====================

Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>

include/linux/bpf_verifier.h

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ enum bpf_reg_liveness {
 	REG_LIVE_NONE = 0, /* reg hasn't been read or written this branch */
 	REG_LIVE_READ, /* reg was read, so we're sensitive to initial value */
 	REG_LIVE_WRITTEN, /* reg was written first, screening off later reads */
+	REG_LIVE_DONE = 4, /* liveness won't be updating this register anymore */
 };
 
 struct bpf_reg_state {

kernel/bpf/verifier.c

@@ -397,12 +397,14 @@ static char slot_type_char[] = {
 static void print_liveness(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
 			   enum bpf_reg_liveness live)
 {
-	if (live & (REG_LIVE_READ | REG_LIVE_WRITTEN))
+	if (live & (REG_LIVE_READ | REG_LIVE_WRITTEN | REG_LIVE_DONE))
 	    verbose(env, "_");
 	if (live & REG_LIVE_READ)
 		verbose(env, "r");
 	if (live & REG_LIVE_WRITTEN)
 		verbose(env, "w");
+	if (live & REG_LIVE_DONE)
+		verbose(env, "D");
 }
 
 static struct bpf_func_state *func(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
@@ -1132,6 +1134,12 @@ static int mark_reg_read(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
 		/* if read wasn't screened by an earlier write ... */
 		if (writes && state->live & REG_LIVE_WRITTEN)
 			break;
+		if (parent->live & REG_LIVE_DONE) {
+			verbose(env, "verifier BUG type %s var_off %lld off %d\n",
+				reg_type_str[parent->type],
+				parent->var_off.value, parent->off);
+			return -EFAULT;
+		}
 		/* ... then we depend on parent's value */
 		parent->live |= REG_LIVE_READ;
 		state = parent;
@@ -5078,6 +5086,102 @@ static bool check_ids(u32 old_id, u32 cur_id, struct idpair *idmap)
 	return false;
 }
 
+static void clean_func_state(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
+			     struct bpf_func_state *st)
+{
+	enum bpf_reg_liveness live;
+	int i, j;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < BPF_REG_FP; i++) {
+		live = st->regs[i].live;
+		/* liveness must not touch this register anymore */
+		st->regs[i].live |= REG_LIVE_DONE;
+		if (!(live & REG_LIVE_READ))
+			/* since the register is unused, clear its state
+			 * to make further comparison simpler
+			 */
+			__mark_reg_not_init(&st->regs[i]);
+	}
+
+	for (i = 0; i < st->allocated_stack / BPF_REG_SIZE; i++) {
+		live = st->stack[i].spilled_ptr.live;
+		/* liveness must not touch this stack slot anymore */
+		st->stack[i].spilled_ptr.live |= REG_LIVE_DONE;
+		if (!(live & REG_LIVE_READ)) {
+			__mark_reg_not_init(&st->stack[i].spilled_ptr);
+			for (j = 0; j < BPF_REG_SIZE; j++)
+				st->stack[i].slot_type[j] = STACK_INVALID;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static void clean_verifier_state(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
+				 struct bpf_verifier_state *st)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	if (st->frame[0]->regs[0].live & REG_LIVE_DONE)
+		/* all regs in this state in all frames were already marked */
+		return;
+
+	for (i = 0; i <= st->curframe; i++)
+		clean_func_state(env, st->frame[i]);
+}
+
+/* the parentage chains form a tree.
+ * the verifier states are added to state lists at given insn and
+ * pushed into state stack for future exploration.
+ * when the verifier reaches bpf_exit insn some of the verifer states
+ * stored in the state lists have their final liveness state already,
+ * but a lot of states will get revised from liveness point of view when
+ * the verifier explores other branches.
+ * Example:
+ * 1: r0 = 1
+ * 2: if r1 == 100 goto pc+1
+ * 3: r0 = 2
+ * 4: exit
+ * when the verifier reaches exit insn the register r0 in the state list of
+ * insn 2 will be seen as !REG_LIVE_READ. Then the verifier pops the other_branch
+ * of insn 2 and goes exploring further. At the insn 4 it will walk the
+ * parentage chain from insn 4 into insn 2 and will mark r0 as REG_LIVE_READ.
+ *
+ * Since the verifier pushes the branch states as it sees them while exploring
+ * the program the condition of walking the branch instruction for the second
+ * time means that all states below this branch were already explored and
+ * their final liveness markes are already propagated.
+ * Hence when the verifier completes the search of state list in is_state_visited()
+ * we can call this clean_live_states() function to mark all liveness states
+ * as REG_LIVE_DONE to indicate that 'parent' pointers of 'struct bpf_reg_state'
+ * will not be used.
+ * This function also clears the registers and stack for states that !READ
+ * to simplify state merging.
+ *
+ * Important note here that walking the same branch instruction in the callee
+ * doesn't meant that the states are DONE. The verifier has to compare
+ * the callsites
+ */
+static void clean_live_states(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int insn,
+			      struct bpf_verifier_state *cur)
+{
+	struct bpf_verifier_state_list *sl;
+	int i;
+
+	sl = env->explored_states[insn];
+	if (!sl)
+		return;
+
+	while (sl != STATE_LIST_MARK) {
+		if (sl->state.curframe != cur->curframe)
+			goto next;
+		for (i = 0; i <= cur->curframe; i++)
+			if (sl->state.frame[i]->callsite != cur->frame[i]->callsite)
+				goto next;
+		clean_verifier_state(env, &sl->state);
+next:
+		sl = sl->next;
+	}
+}
+
 /* Returns true if (rold safe implies rcur safe) */
 static bool regsafe(struct bpf_reg_state *rold, struct bpf_reg_state *rcur,
 		    struct idpair *idmap)
@@ -5191,25 +5295,28 @@ static bool stacksafe(struct bpf_func_state *old,
 {
 	int i, spi;
 
-	/* if explored stack has more populated slots than current stack
-	 * such stacks are not equivalent
-	 */
-	if (old->allocated_stack > cur->allocated_stack)
-		return false;
-
 	/* walk slots of the explored stack and ignore any additional
 	 * slots in the current stack, since explored(safe) state
 	 * didn't use them
 	 */
 	for (i = 0; i < old->allocated_stack; i++) {
 		spi = i / BPF_REG_SIZE;
 
-		if (!(old->stack[spi].spilled_ptr.live & REG_LIVE_READ))
+		if (!(old->stack[spi].spilled_ptr.live & REG_LIVE_READ)) {
+			i += BPF_REG_SIZE - 1;
 			/* explored state didn't use this */
 			continue;
+		}
 
 		if (old->stack[spi].slot_type[i % BPF_REG_SIZE] == STACK_INVALID)
 			continue;
+
+		/* explored stack has more populated slots than current stack
+		 * and these slots were used
+		 */
+		if (i >= cur->allocated_stack)
+			return false;
+
 		/* if old state was safe with misc data in the stack
 		 * it will be safe with zero-initialized stack.
 		 * The opposite is not true
@@ -5393,6 +5500,8 @@ static int is_state_visited(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int insn_idx)
 		 */
 		return 0;
 
+	clean_live_states(env, insn_idx, cur);
+
 	while (sl != STATE_LIST_MARK) {
 		if (states_equal(env, &sl->state, cur)) {
 			/* reached equivalent register/stack state,

tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_verifier.c

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ struct bpf_test {
 	int fixup_percpu_cgroup_storage[MAX_FIXUPS];
 	const char *errstr;
 	const char *errstr_unpriv;
-	uint32_t retval, retval_unpriv;
+	uint32_t retval, retval_unpriv, insn_processed;
 	enum {
 		UNDEF,
 		ACCEPT,
@@ -13647,6 +13647,28 @@ static struct bpf_test tests[] = {
 		.prog_type = BPF_PROG_TYPE_SCHED_CLS,
 		.result = ACCEPT,
 	},
+	{
+		"allocated_stack",
+		.insns = {
+			BPF_ALU64_REG(BPF_MOV, BPF_REG_6, BPF_REG_1),
+			BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0, BPF_FUNC_get_prandom_u32),
+			BPF_ALU64_REG(BPF_MOV, BPF_REG_7, BPF_REG_0),
+			BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JEQ, BPF_REG_0, 0, 5),
+			BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0),
+			BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_10, BPF_REG_6, -8),
+			BPF_LDX_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_6, BPF_REG_10, -8),
+			BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_B, BPF_REG_10, BPF_REG_7, -9),
+			BPF_LDX_MEM(BPF_B, BPF_REG_7, BPF_REG_10, -9),
+			BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JNE, BPF_REG_0, 0, 0),
+			BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JNE, BPF_REG_0, 0, 0),
+			BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JNE, BPF_REG_0, 0, 0),
+			BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JNE, BPF_REG_0, 0, 0),
+			BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
+		},
+		.result = ACCEPT,
+		.result_unpriv = ACCEPT,
+		.insn_processed = 15,
+	},
 	{
 		"reference tracking in call: free reference in subprog and outside",
 		.insns = {
@@ -14444,6 +14466,19 @@ static void do_test_single(struct bpf_test *test, bool unpriv,
 		}
 	}
 
+	if (test->insn_processed) {
+		uint32_t insn_processed;
+		char *proc;
+
+		proc = strstr(bpf_vlog, "processed ");
+		insn_processed = atoi(proc + 10);
+		if (test->insn_processed != insn_processed) {
+			printf("FAIL\nUnexpected insn_processed %u vs %u\n",
+			       insn_processed, test->insn_processed);
+			goto fail_log;
+		}
+	}
+
 	if (fd_prog >= 0) {
 		__u8 tmp[TEST_DATA_LEN << 2];
 		__u32 size_tmp = sizeof(tmp);