Merge branch 'for-next' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/…

…git/nab/target-pending

Pull SCSI target updates from Nicholas Bellinger:
 "Here are the target updates for v3.18-rc2 code.  These where
  originally destined for -rc1, but due to the combination of travel
  last week for KVM Forum and my mistake of taking the three week merge
  window literally, the pull request slipped..  Apologies for that.

  Things where reasonably quiet this round.  The highlights include:

   - New userspace backend driver (target_core_user.ko) by Shaohua Li
     and Andy Grover
   - A number of cleanups in target, iscsi-taret and qla_target code
     from Joern Engel
   - Fix an OOPs related to queue full handling with CHECK_CONDITION
     status from Quinn Tran
   - Fix to disable TX completion interrupt coalescing in iser-target,
     that was causing problems on some hardware
   - Fix for PR APTPL metadata handling with demo-mode ACLs

  I'm most excited about the new backend driver that uses UIO + shared
  memory ring to dispatch I/O and control commands into user-space.
  This was probably the most requested feature by users over the last
  couple of years, and opens up a new area of development + porting of
  existing user-space storage applications to LIO.  Thanks to Shaohua +
  Andy for making this happen.

  Also another honorable mention, a new Xen PV SCSI driver was merged
  via the xen/tip.git tree recently, which puts us now at 10 target
  drivers in upstream! Thanks to David Vrabel + Juergen Gross for their
  work to get this code merged"

* 'for-next' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nab/target-pending: (40 commits)
  target/file: fix inclusive vfs_fsync_range() end
  iser-target: Disable TX completion interrupt coalescing
  target: Add force_pr_aptpl device attribute
  target: Fix APTPL metadata handling for dynamic MappedLUNs
  qla_target: don't delete changed nacls
  target/user: Recalculate pad size inside is_ring_space_avail()
  tcm_loop: Fixup tag handling
  iser-target: Fix smatch warning
  target/user: Fix up smatch warnings in tcmu_netlink_event
  target: Add a user-passthrough backstore
  target: Add documentation on the target userspace pass-through driver
  uio: Export definition of struct uio_device
  target: Remove unneeded check in sbc_parse_cdb
  target: Fix queue full status NULL pointer for SCF_TRANSPORT_TASK_SENSE
  qla_target: rearrange struct qla_tgt_prm
  qla_target: improve qlt_unmap_sg()
  qla_target: make some global functions static
  qla_target: remove unused parameter
  target: simplify core_tmr_abort_task
  target: encapsulate smp_mb__after_atomic()
  ...

Documentation/target/tcmu-design.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+Contents:
+
+1) TCM Userspace Design
+  a) Background
+  b) Benefits
+  c) Design constraints
+  d) Implementation overview
+     i. Mailbox
+     ii. Command ring
+     iii. Data Area
+  e) Device discovery
+  f) Device events
+  g) Other contingencies
+2) Writing a user pass-through handler
+  a) Discovering and configuring TCMU uio devices
+  b) Waiting for events on the device(s)
+  c) Managing the command ring
+3) Command filtering and pass_level
+4) A final note
+
+
+TCM Userspace Design
+--------------------
+
+TCM is another name for LIO, an in-kernel iSCSI target (server).
+Existing TCM targets run in the kernel.  TCMU (TCM in Userspace)
+allows userspace programs to be written which act as iSCSI targets.
+This document describes the design.
+
+The existing kernel provides modules for different SCSI transport
+protocols.  TCM also modularizes the data storage.  There are existing
+modules for file, block device, RAM or using another SCSI device as
+storage.  These are called "backstores" or "storage engines".  These
+built-in modules are implemented entirely as kernel code.
+
+Background:
+
+In addition to modularizing the transport protocol used for carrying
+SCSI commands ("fabrics"), the Linux kernel target, LIO, also modularizes
+the actual data storage as well. These are referred to as "backstores"
+or "storage engines". The target comes with backstores that allow a
+file, a block device, RAM, or another SCSI device to be used for the
+local storage needed for the exported SCSI LUN. Like the rest of LIO,
+these are implemented entirely as kernel code.
+
+These backstores cover the most common use cases, but not all. One new
+use case that other non-kernel target solutions, such as tgt, are able
+to support is using Gluster's GLFS or Ceph's RBD as a backstore. The
+target then serves as a translator, allowing initiators to store data
+in these non-traditional networked storage systems, while still only
+using standard protocols themselves.
+
+If the target is a userspace process, supporting these is easy. tgt,
+for example, needs only a small adapter module for each, because the
+modules just use the available userspace libraries for RBD and GLFS.
+
+Adding support for these backstores in LIO is considerably more
+difficult, because LIO is entirely kernel code. Instead of undertaking
+the significant work to port the GLFS or RBD APIs and protocols to the
+kernel, another approach is to create a userspace pass-through
+backstore for LIO, "TCMU".
+
+
+Benefits:
+
+In addition to allowing relatively easy support for RBD and GLFS, TCMU
+will also allow easier development of new backstores. TCMU combines
+with the LIO loopback fabric to become something similar to FUSE
+(Filesystem in Userspace), but at the SCSI layer instead of the
+filesystem layer. A SUSE, if you will.
+
+The disadvantage is there are more distinct components to configure, and
+potentially to malfunction. This is unavoidable, but hopefully not
+fatal if we're careful to keep things as simple as possible.
+
+Design constraints:
+
+- Good performance: high throughput, low latency
+- Cleanly handle if userspace:
+   1) never attaches
+   2) hangs
+   3) dies
+   4) misbehaves
+- Allow future flexibility in user & kernel implementations
+- Be reasonably memory-efficient
+- Simple to configure & run
+- Simple to write a userspace backend
+
+
+Implementation overview:
+
+The core of the TCMU interface is a memory region that is shared
+between kernel and userspace. Within this region is: a control area
+(mailbox); a lockless producer/consumer circular buffer for commands
+to be passed up, and status returned; and an in/out data buffer area.
+
+TCMU uses the pre-existing UIO subsystem. UIO allows device driver
+development in userspace, and this is conceptually very close to the
+TCMU use case, except instead of a physical device, TCMU implements a
+memory-mapped layout designed for SCSI commands. Using UIO also
+benefits TCMU by handling device introspection (e.g. a way for
+userspace to determine how large the shared region is) and signaling
+mechanisms in both directions.
+
+There are no embedded pointers in the memory region. Everything is
+expressed as an offset from the region's starting address. This allows
+the ring to still work if the user process dies and is restarted with
+the region mapped at a different virtual address.
+
+See target_core_user.h for the struct definitions.
+
+The Mailbox:
+
+The mailbox is always at the start of the shared memory region, and
+contains a version, details about the starting offset and size of the
+command ring, and head and tail pointers to be used by the kernel and
+userspace (respectively) to put commands on the ring, and indicate
+when the commands are completed.
+
+version - 1 (userspace should abort if otherwise)
+flags - none yet defined.
+cmdr_off - The offset of the start of the command ring from the start
+of the memory region, to account for the mailbox size.
+cmdr_size - The size of the command ring. This does *not* need to be a
+power of two.
+cmd_head - Modified by the kernel to indicate when a command has been
+placed on the ring.
+cmd_tail - Modified by userspace to indicate when it has completed
+processing of a command.
+
+The Command Ring:
+
+Commands are placed on the ring by the kernel incrementing
+mailbox.cmd_head by the size of the command, modulo cmdr_size, and
+then signaling userspace via uio_event_notify(). Once the command is
+completed, userspace updates mailbox.cmd_tail in the same way and
+signals the kernel via a 4-byte write(). When cmd_head equals
+cmd_tail, the ring is empty -- no commands are currently waiting to be
+processed by userspace.
+
+TCMU commands start with a common header containing "len_op", a 32-bit
+value that stores the length, as well as the opcode in the lowest
+unused bits. Currently only two opcodes are defined, TCMU_OP_PAD and
+TCMU_OP_CMD. When userspace encounters a command with PAD opcode, it
+should skip ahead by the bytes in "length". (The kernel inserts PAD
+entries to ensure each CMD entry fits contigously into the circular
+buffer.)
+
+When userspace handles a CMD, it finds the SCSI CDB (Command Data
+Block) via tcmu_cmd_entry.req.cdb_off. This is an offset from the
+start of the overall shared memory region, not the entry. The data
+in/out buffers are accessible via tht req.iov[] array. Note that
+each iov.iov_base is also an offset from the start of the region.
+
+TCMU currently does not support BIDI operations.
+
+When completing a command, userspace sets rsp.scsi_status, and
+rsp.sense_buffer if necessary. Userspace then increments
+mailbox.cmd_tail by entry.hdr.length (mod cmdr_size) and signals the
+kernel via the UIO method, a 4-byte write to the file descriptor.
+
+The Data Area:
+
+This is shared-memory space after the command ring. The organization
+of this area is not defined in the TCMU interface, and userspace
+should access only the parts referenced by pending iovs.
+
+
+Device Discovery:
+
+Other devices may be using UIO besides TCMU. Unrelated user processes
+may also be handling different sets of TCMU devices. TCMU userspace
+processes must find their devices by scanning sysfs
+class/uio/uio*/name. For TCMU devices, these names will be of the
+format:
+
+tcm-user/<hba_num>/<device_name>/<subtype>/<path>
+
+where "tcm-user" is common for all TCMU-backed UIO devices. <hba_num>
+and <device_name> allow userspace to find the device's path in the
+kernel target's configfs tree. Assuming the usual mount point, it is
+found at:
+
+/sys/kernel/config/target/core/user_<hba_num>/<device_name>
+
+This location contains attributes such as "hw_block_size", that
+userspace needs to know for correct operation.
+
+<subtype> will be a userspace-process-unique string to identify the
+TCMU device as expecting to be backed by a certain handler, and <path>
+will be an additional handler-specific string for the user process to
+configure the device, if needed. The name cannot contain ':', due to
+LIO limitations.
+
+For all devices so discovered, the user handler opens /dev/uioX and
+calls mmap():
+
+mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0)
+
+where size must be equal to the value read from
+/sys/class/uio/uioX/maps/map0/size.
+
+
+Device Events:
+
+If a new device is added or removed, a notification will be broadcast
+over netlink, using a generic netlink family name of "TCM-USER" and a
+multicast group named "config". This will include the UIO name as
+described in the previous section, as well as the UIO minor
+number. This should allow userspace to identify both the UIO device and
+the LIO device, so that after determining the device is supported
+(based on subtype) it can take the appropriate action.
+
+
+Other contingencies:
+
+Userspace handler process never attaches:
+
+- TCMU will post commands, and then abort them after a timeout period
+  (30 seconds.)
+
+Userspace handler process is killed:
+
+- It is still possible to restart and re-connect to TCMU
+  devices. Command ring is preserved. However, after the timeout period,
+  the kernel will abort pending tasks.
+
+Userspace handler process hangs:
+
+- The kernel will abort pending tasks after a timeout period.
+
+Userspace handler process is malicious:
+
+- The process can trivially break the handling of devices it controls,
+  but should not be able to access kernel memory outside its shared
+  memory areas.
+
+
+Writing a user pass-through handler (with example code)
+-------------------------------------------------------
+
+A user process handing a TCMU device must support the following:
+
+a) Discovering and configuring TCMU uio devices
+b) Waiting for events on the device(s)
+c) Managing the command ring: Parsing operations and commands,
+   performing work as needed, setting response fields (scsi_status and
+   possibly sense_buffer), updating cmd_tail, and notifying the kernel
+   that work has been finished
+
+First, consider instead writing a plugin for tcmu-runner. tcmu-runner
+implements all of this, and provides a higher-level API for plugin
+authors.
+
+TCMU is designed so that multiple unrelated processes can manage TCMU
+devices separately. All handlers should make sure to only open their
+devices, based opon a known subtype string.
+
+a) Discovering and configuring TCMU UIO devices:
+
+(error checking omitted for brevity)
+
+int fd, dev_fd;
+char buf[256];
+unsigned long long map_len;
+void *map;
+
+fd = open("/sys/class/uio/uio0/name", O_RDONLY);
+ret = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
+close(fd);
+buf[ret-1] = '\0'; /* null-terminate and chop off the \n */
+
+/* we only want uio devices whose name is a format we expect */
+if (strncmp(buf, "tcm-user", 8))
+	exit(-1);
+
+/* Further checking for subtype also needed here */
+
+fd = open(/sys/class/uio/%s/maps/map0/size, O_RDONLY);
+ret = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
+close(fd);
+str_buf[ret-1] = '\0'; /* null-terminate and chop off the \n */
+
+map_len = strtoull(buf, NULL, 0);
+
+dev_fd = open("/dev/uio0", O_RDWR);
+map = mmap(NULL, map_len, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, dev_fd, 0);
+
+
+b) Waiting for events on the device(s)
+
+while (1) {
+  char buf[4];
+
+  int ret = read(dev_fd, buf, 4); /* will block */
+
+  handle_device_events(dev_fd, map);
+}
+
+
+c) Managing the command ring
+
+#include <linux/target_core_user.h>
+
+int handle_device_events(int fd, void *map)
+{
+  struct tcmu_mailbox *mb = map;
+  struct tcmu_cmd_entry *ent = (void *) mb + mb->cmdr_off + mb->cmd_tail;
+  int did_some_work = 0;
+
+  /* Process events from cmd ring until we catch up with cmd_head */
+  while (ent != (void *)mb + mb->cmdr_off + mb->cmd_head) {
+
+    if (tcmu_hdr_get_op(&ent->hdr) == TCMU_OP_CMD) {
+      uint8_t *cdb = (void *)mb + ent->req.cdb_off;
+      bool success = true;
+
+      /* Handle command here. */
+      printf("SCSI opcode: 0x%x\n", cdb[0]);
+
+      /* Set response fields */
+      if (success)
+        ent->rsp.scsi_status = SCSI_NO_SENSE;
+      else {
+        /* Also fill in rsp->sense_buffer here */
+        ent->rsp.scsi_status = SCSI_CHECK_CONDITION;
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+      /* Do nothing for PAD entries */
+    }
+
+    /* update cmd_tail */
+    mb->cmd_tail = (mb->cmd_tail + tcmu_hdr_get_len(&ent->hdr)) % mb->cmdr_size;
+    ent = (void *) mb + mb->cmdr_off + mb->cmd_tail;
+    did_some_work = 1;
+  }
+
+  /* Notify the kernel that work has been finished */
+  if (did_some_work) {
+    uint32_t buf = 0;
+
+    write(fd, &buf, 4);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+Command filtering and pass_level
+--------------------------------
+
+TCMU supports a "pass_level" option with valid values of 0 or 1.  When
+the value is 0 (the default), nearly all SCSI commands received for
+the device are passed through to the handler. This allows maximum
+flexibility but increases the amount of code required by the handler,
+to support all mandatory SCSI commands. If pass_level is set to 1,
+then only IO-related commands are presented, and the rest are handled
+by LIO's in-kernel command emulation. The commands presented at level
+1 include all versions of:
+
+READ
+WRITE
+WRITE_VERIFY
+XDWRITEREAD
+WRITE_SAME
+COMPARE_AND_WRITE
+SYNCHRONIZE_CACHE
+UNMAP
+
+
+A final note
+------------
+
+Please be careful to return codes as defined by the SCSI
+specifications. These are different than some values defined in the
+scsi/scsi.h include file. For example, CHECK CONDITION's status code
+is 2, not 1.